Hinduism Essays - Religion, Hinduism, Hindu Denominations, Hindu

Hinduism Essays - Religion, Hinduism, Hindu Denominations, Hindu Hinduism Hinduism It is not sure where the earliest practices of Hinduism came from. The best evidence suggests that it originated from the Indus valley civilization around 4000 B.C. to 2000 B.C. During this time period Hinduism was influenced by many different invasions. Around 1500 B.C. the Aryan Indo European tribes invaded Northern India. With this invasion they brought their religion of Vedism. The Vedic Arians influenced the practices and beliefs of the Indus valley people and gave Hinduism its distinct identity. It is also said that this theory may not be accurate. Some people say that the time the Arians invaded India does not agree with other historical dates. What was clear was that there was a combining of cultures lead to what is Hinduism today. Hinduism is not really considered a religion; it is a way of life. It consists of thousands of religions that have evolved in India over the years. The beliefs of the Hindu religion are, in short, that goals like salvation, transmigration, and rebirth are looked upon with reverence. Hindus believe that the realization of some goals is beyond us and should be made a part of our activities while we are still living. They believe that everything we do (Karma) is accounted for by the celestial presence (Chitragupta) and has implication on our next life or rebirth (Punarjanma). The Hindus do not have one leader that tells them a sermon, or oversees what they do. They believe that all jivas (a persons soul) will move through a system of castes or there place in society. There are four castes, followers or unskilled workers, producers such as farmers, administrators, and the Brahmins or seers. The Brahmins are considered the leaders of Hinduism. Each Hindu is expected to perform several rituals everyday as part of there worship. These rituals include things like: making offerings to the gods, to all beings, to departed souls, and especially before eating, and to show hospitality to others and a continuous remembrance of God through the study of Holy Scripture. Hindus meditate, visit holy temples, and do charitable work on a daily basis.

Dramatic Irony In Oedipus Rex Essays - Operas, Oedipus The King

Dramatic Irony In Oedipus Rex Essays - Operas, Oedipus The King Dramatic Irony In Oedipus Rex In Sophocles Oedipus Rex, dramatic irony is often present in Oedipus long speeches. Oedipus constantly sees things incorrectly, and is in denial that he has, in fact, killed his father and married his mother. This is first apparent when he demands the death of the man who killed Laios. Oedipus calls the man who did this an evil murder. Oedipus assumes that, as he became a citizen of Thebes after the murder, though he did kill someone, he is ruled out as a suspect of Laios assassin. In another speech, Oedipus accuses Creon of setting him up in order to get the throne, by framing him as the murderer. At this point, Oedipus is in denial that he is guilty, even though all of the evidence points to him. In reality, Creon does not want to be king at all; he enjoys his current position of wealth and power without any real responsibility. A third occasion of irony in the speeches is Oedipuss firm belief that the people who raised him were his biological parents. Oedipus refuses to believe th at Iocaste is his mother, and that by escaping to Thebes, he did not escape the fate he was told of at Delphi. Because of Oedipuss denial and stubbornness, he did suffer greatly and commit the greatest sin.

Two reading reports Wawasan2020and The Case for conta mination Essay

Two reading reports Wawasan2020and The Case for conta mination - Essay Example Malaysia is a country that competes with other countries like the Philippines and Singapore in terms of grabbing more foreign semiconductor projects. For the Malaysia to be able to win semiconductors contracts, Malaysian government is challenged not only to improve the technical know-how of the Malays in terms of manufacturing high-quality semiconductors but also provide the foreign investors with special government protection that could make the business and political environment attractive to foreign investors (Greider, p. 162). Since Malaysia needs to increase technology transfer, Malaysia government protects and makes the export of semi-conductors attractive by offering the semiconductor industry with lengthy holidays from paying taxes, strictly prohibits the formation of independent unions, and maintaining low employee wages (Greider, pp. 164 – 165). This strategy will encourage technology transfer by inviting more foreign investors with more sophisticated technologies to invest in Malaysia. I strongly agree that the use of good government intervention could enable each country to remain competitive in the global markets. By attracting more foreign investors, the socio-economic problems such as the high unemployment rate in developed and developing countries can be easily solved. â€Å"The Case for Contamination† is an article that focused on discussing the potential impact of globalization over the culture and beliefs of the Ghanaians. Because of globalization and improvements in communication technology, it is so much easier for a person to travel to other countries and adapt the culture of another nation. In line with this, the president of Ghana has travelled to different places including Oxford University in the United States and London in the United Kingdom where he became one of the Inns of Court (Appaih a). Promoting the importance of cultural diversity between developed and

Implanting a CHIP in every U.S. citizen Assignment

Implanting a CHIP in every U.S. citizen - Assignment Example There are several reasons why people consent to microchip implantation. First, it allows fast and efficient access to a person’s medical records in case of emergency (Merrill, 2009; Merill, 2007). It is highly efficient since a person will always carry the device within his body wherever he may go. Second, it could also serve as a means of identity verification (Merrill, 2007; Murray, 2004). Murray (2004) said aside from medical institutions, that the company has been working in convincing banks, credit card companies and security agencies that use of their product is highly beneficial in this aspect. Tracking would be another reason (Murray, 2004; Fuller, 2002). Kidnapping is a serious crime that is rampant today. A microchip implanted to a person can be used to track down his or her location. The microchip implant could also serve as another form of security measure. Additional security was the reason why Mexico implanted the microchip to 160 officials said Murray (2004). Th is served as another of their passes in entering and leaving classified government establishments. Further, the potential of the chip being glucose monitor is also being examined. This would be highly beneficial to diabetic patients who always monitor the level of their blood sugar. In 2007 however, the American Medical Association found several risks of microchip implantation said Merrill (2007). The first of these is that the chip migrates under the skin. Then it also disturbs the signal transmitted by electromagnetic and electrosurgical devices and defibrillators, he added. Further, the microchip might negatively react with certain pharmaceuticals. Aside from these medical issues, there are also privacy and social issues. Since tracking could be possible with the use of the device, a person could feel that his privacy is being invaded and that his moves are being watched. Instead of adding security, the microchip would then cause additional worry to its carrier. It can serve as a tracking device for law-enforcers. But the same device could also be used by criminals to hunt down their prey. If the microchip can be used for efficiency in security, then it can also be used to efficiently breach it. Just as intelligence and skills can be used for further advancement, it can also be utilized to violate laws and conduct criminal acts. There has been a fear that RFID would one day be recognized as a national ID for the Americans. It is just like a chain reaction, when more and more people use the product, then the closer it would get to being a national ID. With passage of bills in some states that ban the mandatory implantation of the said device, this worry has been somehow eliminated. Since there are states that will not mandate its people to have the chip within them, a national ID using this method will no longer be possible. The United States as a country is a leader in the word community. What gets accepted in the U.S. would be considered for acceptance by other countries if not totally accepted. The country being a super-power is a trend-setter and a leader in technological advancement. Its influence to the global community could be easily seen in various aspects such as economics, medicine, the sciences and other fields. The main concern of its leaders would be the benefit of its citizens, but when they pass a national statute, they must also

Global Warming Fact or Fiction Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Fact or Fiction Essay Throughout their history, humans have witnessed all the environmental imbalances they have created in the world. The unstoppable technological advances of the world have greatly contributed to the enhancement of economic progress and improvement of the quality of life. However, the phenomenal growth of the economy and the increase of the standards of living are achieved at the expense of environmental destruction that is pressing the contemporary society. Hence, as human beings are the ones responsible for taking care of and preserving nature, they should impose certain limitations in their attempts to acquire economic progress in order to protect the environment. The pivotal change in the composition of the earth’s atmospheric condition gave birth to the term global warming, leaving the whole world unnerved of the damages it is currently causing and will continue to cause. However, we should consider if global warming is true or a mere product of our imagination. Some scientists argue that what we are experiencing right now is a natural occurrence and is a part of the earths climate cycle. Theorists believed that the earth is currently undergoing climate cycle, wherein the planet cools then heats up. Scientists pointed out that 75 million years ago, the earth experienced ten degrees higher than todays temperature, but still, life was sustained. On the other hand, there is a strong evidence that global warming is not a natural phenomenon but is a result of human activities. Global warming is progressing at a rapid pace, with its damaging effects leading the world more and more to its destruction (Hopwood and Cohen). Thus, this paper aims to present information that supports the claim that global warming is a fact and is threatening human life. Global warming is considered as the worst dilemma faced by humans as a result of their constant neglect of the environment. Global warming developed through the increased emissions of the noxious greenhouse gases resulting in an increase on the temperature of the earths surface (SciDev. Net). Global warming renders a variety of changes that affects the environment and the quality of life. As a result of humankind’s neglect and carelessness, the Earth is now experiencing extreme shifts in temperature which result in heat waves, irregular weather conditions, and rapid unfreezing of icecaps and glaciers located at the two opposite poles of the earth. As the ice caps and glaciers melt, the sea level rises, resulting in occurrences of coastal flooding. Causes of Global Warming The main cause of global warming is the widespread emission of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are the natural blanket of the Earth located in the atmosphere. It traps some of the light to keep the surface warmer. Over the century, the Earths surface temperature increased by . 5 degrees Celsius and it was believed that this was due to the increased on the concentration of the main greenhouse gases, which are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorocarbons (Hopwood and Cohen). The natural phenomenon was named â€Å"greenhouse effect† because it has a similar effect created by the glass panes of a greenhouse. The greenhouse traps the heat inside preventing large amounts of heat to go outside. The greenhouse gases selectively transmit infrared rays emitted by the sun. It traps some of the waves and permits some to travel in space. The greenhouse gases then bounce the infrared rays back on the lower atmosphere causing the increase in temperature (Hopwood and Cohen). Carbon dioxide is one of the main components of the greenhouse gases. It is produced and emitted in the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is emitted when humans exhale, when fossil fuels burn for energy, and through the deforestation of the planet (Hopwood and Cohen). The release of carbon dioxide is a biological function among humans and other animals which have a similar respiratory system. Fossil fuels are formed through the decay of the plants and animals a thousand years ago. People utilize these fossil fuels in the form of coal, oil, and natural gas to create a supply of electricity, to heat their homes, and to run their cars. The fossil fuels contain carbon which, when burned, mixes with oxygen, resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide (Hopwood and Cohen). Other greenhouse gases accumulate in the earths atmosphere due to the negligence of people. As they continue to strive for economic progress, they reinforce the causes of the environmental dilemma that can lead the planet to its destruction (Hopwood and Cohen). Deforestation is another cause of the production of carbon dioxide. Deforestation occurs though logging for lumber, pulpwood and fuel wood. Another factor contributing on deforestation is farming new land, which involves developing forests into farmlands and pastures. Deforestation takes away trees that absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. The less number of trees in the forest, the less carbon dioxide will be processed and made available in the atmosphere (Hopwood and Cohen). Thus, global warming is caused by humans unstoppable emission of noxious gases on the earths atmosphere and the denuding of forests. At present, the status of global warming is progressing, rendering detrimental effects to the planet and its inhabitants. Effects of Global Warming The increase of the amount of greenhouse gases present in the earths atmosphere has negative implications on the earths environmental mechanism. These effects only signify the existence of the environmental dilemma. Due to global warming, the planet is experiencing imbalances our environmental processes. The earth is suffering from heat waves, sudden unusual shifts in weather, and changes in precipitation patterns. The odd patterns of precipitation reinforced by the rise of the sea level result in coastal flooding and take away the land where people live. This circumstance induces migration, causing the population of the inland cities to escalate (â€Å"Global Warming: Early Warning Signs†). Global warming also has a direct effect on our earths hydrosphere. The increase in temperature contributes to the rise of sea level. The rise of the earths waters results from the expansion of water due to heating and the melting of glaciers and ice caps in the North and South poles (Raper and Braithwaite 311). Global warming also affects the daily lives and lifestyle of the people. It also causes a chain of events that raises extreme concern from environmentalists who are anticipating the worst scenarios resulting from this environmental issue (Hopwood and Cohen). Global warming renders both negative and positive effects in our agriculture. As for its benefits to agriculture, global warming helps to increase food production. Since one of the determinants of agriculture is climate, it is suggested that heating is better than cooling. Moreover, carbon dioxide is one of the essential factors needed by plants in making their own food. As the temperature rises, more farmlands will be available on the poles and the length of the growing season will be prolong. However, extreme rise in the temperature will cause drought that affects our crops. Extremely hot temperatures also prevent some of the crops to be planted due to the adherence of the climate (Hopwood and Cohen). Global warming also raises various health concerns. One of the most obvious effects on health is directly through heat. As the temperature of the earth continues to increase, more people will suffer from heatstroke, heart ailments, and other illnesses exacerbated by heat (Hopwood and Cohen). In addition to this, it was stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that climate change develops a wide array of adverse effects on human health, resulting in significant loss of human lives. As temperature increases at the earth’s poles, pests and insects migrate toward these areas. Some of these insects and pests carry diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, which could lead to an increase in the number of cases documented each year (Hopwood and Cohen). Thus, if the current situation will not be addressed, global warming is foreseen to create a chain of negative implications such as the spread of diseases, occurrence of droughts and fires, heavy rainfall, flora and fauna range shift, and population changes (â€Å"Global Warming: Early Warning Signs†). Conclusion The environment is continuously violated and destructed as people strive to achieve industrialization, economic progress, and improvement of the quality of human life. As a result, global warming has emerged as an alarming dilemma that stems from our negligence and exploitation of the earth’s natural resources. Thus, global warming is not a product of our imagination but a product of our continued destruction of the environment. Global warming is brought about by the escalated concentration of greenhouse gases, causing the earths temperature to increase as the gases trap infrared waves and bounce them back to the earth. The increased concentration of the greenhouse gases result from the neglectful emission of components that comprise the noxious greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, the main component of the greenhouse gases, accumulates in the atmosphere as the amount of carbon dioxide recycled is reduced. Deforestation is one of the causes of the increased in the concentration of the harmful gases on the earths atmosphere. Global warming brings about various effects on the environment, human health, and people’s lifestyle. Although global warming has some advantages, such as prolonging the growing (of plants) season, it produces more negative implications. For instance, it can cause the spread of various diseases, the occurrence of droughts and wildfires, the unusual patterns of precipitation, and considerable shifts on the flora and fauna distribution. The sad truth is that global warming exists and continues to progress as we constantly neglect our environment. The current rate of its development causes concerns to arise, and the effects we are currently experiencing are proof of its threatening presence. Hence, as global warming continues to threaten human lives, attention and action are extremely needed not only to resolve the growing problems caused by global warming, but also to prevent further damages to the planet and its inhabitants. Works Cited Global Warming: Early Warning Signs. 1999.Retrieved May 8 2008 from http://www. climatehotmap. org/. Hopwood, Nick and Jordan Cohen. â€Å"Greenhouse Gases and Society. † University of Michigan. 1998. 18 July 2008 http://www. umich. edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse. htm. Raper, Sarah C. B, and Roger J. Braithwaite. â€Å"Low Sea Level Rise Projection from Mountain Glaciers Icecaps under Global Warming. † Nature 439 (19 January 2006): 311-313. SciDev. Net. â€Å"Global Warming. † Climate Change and Energy. 2008. May 8 2008 http://www. scidev. net/en/climate-change-and-energy/definitions/climate-change/g/.

The Good, the Bad, and the Apathetic Essay -- Voting Election Voter Vo

The Good, the Bad, and the Apathetic Another presidential election year rolls around for America and what will the vote decide? Sometimes equally debated and foretold, another issue exists that does not appear on the ballot. How many people will turnout at the polls to cast their vote for their governmental representatives? The patterns of American history would say that not very many will show up. â€Å"Indeed, voter turnout has fallen from its peak of 63 percent in 1960 to just below half during the last presidential election, in 1996. As a result, the world's leading democracy ranks 140th in voter turnout among democratically elected governments (Cooper).† They make this point at what seems like every election in recent years and the problem has existed off and on for the entire history of the United States. No easy solution exists to lead more people to the polls without enacting a law requiring the vote, but a few things could help in a small way. Some of the influence for addressing this problem stems from my own personal experience with trying to register for voting in my first presidential election. Complicating my situation is the fact that I go to school in Pennsylvania, but am an Ohio resident. I found it very difficult to complete my registration forms. My first trouble encountered appeared when I found out that no matter what I looked up on the internet, I still had to send away for a registration form and then send it back in. It said that I could print out a form, but that it required me to print the form on number 40 cardstock. What a hassle? This seemed like a lot of effort for such a simple form. Secondly, I have to vote by absentee ballot and thus am required to let the el... ...ection." Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. 22 Mar. 2004 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=115182>. Hobby, Bill. â€Å"So maybe low voter turnout isn't always a bad thing?† The Houston Chronicle. (7 Dec. 1997). 22 March 2004 < http://www.swt.edu/cpm/hobbyscorner/voter.html>. Removing obstacles to voting. (2001). In Moore J. L., Preimesberger J. P., & Tarr D. R. (Eds.), Guide to U.S. elections (Vol. 1). Washington: CQ Press. Retrieved March 31, 2004, from CQ Electronic Library, CQ Voting and Elections Collection: gusel1-152-7218-392799. Shesgreen, Deirdre. â€Å"Internet Could Upend Michigan Race.† St. Louis Post – Dispatch. 9 Nov. 2003, pg. A.7. Utley, Garrick. â€Å"Low voter turnout expected on Election Day.† CNN.com. (3 Nov. 2000). 22 March 2004 < http://www.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/02/voter.turnout/>.

Motivation Theory

Needs – drives – behaviour – goals – reduction or release of tension Behaviour is both directed to, and results from, unsatisfied needs. The word unsatisfied is most important. As Maslow says, â€Å"If we are interested in what actually motivates us and not what has or will, or might motivate us, then a satisfied need is not a motivator. † Kelly’s model of motivation presents a sort of chicken-egg dilemma. Which comes first, the goal or the need? When we talk about behaviour being goal-oriented, we mean that individuals feel a need, want, desire or drive to do something that leads to the achievement of a goal.But is the goal, as part of the self, already there? Is it the factor that stimulates the need? Are goals and needs the same thing? It is useful to separate the two concepts. We can define a goal as that outcome which we strive to attain in order to satisfy certain needs. The goal is the end result, the need the driving force that spurs us towards that result. A student might have a goal to get an A in a course, but this goal may reflect a number of different needs.He or she may feel a need to confirm his or her competence; friends may all be getting A’s; he or she may wish to have the esteem of others; simply to do the best possible: to keep a scholarship. It is difficult to infer needs from goals. We talk about money as a motivator. Money represents so many different things to different people that saying that individuals â€Å"work for money† is meaningless. What we have to know is what needs the money is satisfying. Is it survival, status, belonging, achievement, a convenient scorecard for performance?Remember, behaviour is both directed to, and results from, unsatisfied needs. Every individual has a number of needs which vie for satisfaction. How do we choose between these competing forces? Do we try to satisfy them all? Much like a small child in a candy store, faced with the dilemma of spending his or her allowance, we are forced to decide what we want the most; that is we satisfy the strongest need first. Although there is general agreement among psychologists that man experiences a variety of needs, there is considerable disagreement as to what these needs are – and their relative importance.There have been a number of attempts to present models of motivation which list a specific number of motivating needs, with the implication that these lists are all-inclusive and represent the total picture of needs. Unfortunately, each of these models has weaknesses and gaps, and we are still without a general theory of motivation. In this article, I will describe the four main theories of motivation. These are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Dual-Factor Theory, The Need for Achievement and David McClelland’s work and Vroom’s Expectancy Motivation Theory. Hierarchy of Needs – Abraham MaslowOne model of motivation that has gained a l ot of attention, but not complete acceptance, has been put forward by Abraham Maslow. Maslow’s theory argues that individuals are motivated to satisfy a number of different kinds of needs, some of which are more powerful than others (or to use the psychological jargon, are more prepotent than others). The term prepotency refers to the idea that some needs are felt as being more pressing than others. Maslow argues that until these most pressing needs are satisfied, other needs have little effect on an individual’s behaviour.In other words, we satisfy the most prepotent needs first and then progress to the less pressing ones. As one need becomes satisfied, and therefore less important to us, other needs loom up and become motivators of our behaviour. Maslow represents this prepotency of needs as a hierarchy. The most prepotent needs are shown at the bottom of the ladder, with prepotency decreasing as one progresses upwards. SELF-ACTUALISATION – reaching your maxim um potential, doing you own best thing ESTEEM – respect from others, self-respect, recognitionBELONGING – affiliation, acceptance, being part of something SAFETY – physical safety, psychological security PHYSIOLOGICAL – hunger, thirst, sex, rest The first needs that anyone must satisfy are physiological. As Maslow says: â€Å"Undoubtedly these physiological needs are the most prepotent of all needs. What this means specifically is that in the human being who is missing everything in life in an extreme fashion, it is most likely that the major motivation would be the physiological needs rather than any others.A person who is lacking food, safety, love and esteem would probably hunger for food more strongly than anything else†. Once the first level needs are largely satisfied, Maslow maintains, the next level of needs emerges. Individuals become concerned with the need for safety and security – protection from physical harm, disaster, illness and security of income, life-style and relationships. Similarly, once these safety needs have become largely satisfied, individuals become concerned with belonging – a sense of membership in some group or groups, a need for affiliation and a feeling of acceptance by others.When there is a feeling that the individual belongs somewhere, he or she is next motivated by a desire to be held in esteem. People need to be thought of as worthwhile by others, to be recognised as people with some value. They also have a strong need to see themselves as worthwhile people. Without this type of self-concept, one sees oneself as drifting, cut off, pointless. Much of this dissatisfaction with certain types of job centres around the fact that they are perceived, by the people performing them, as demeaning and therefore damaging to their self-concept.Finally, Maslow says, when all these needs have been satisfied at least to some extent, people are motivated by a desire to self-actualise, to ach ieve whatever they define as their maximum potential, to do their thing to the best of their ability. Maslow describes self-actualisation as follows: â€Å"A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man can do, he must do. This need we may call self-actualisation †¦ It refers to the desire for self-fulfilment, namely the tendency for one to become actualised in what one is potentially.This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. The specific form these needs take will of course vary greatly from person to person. In one individual it may be expressed maternally, as the desire to be an ideal mother, in another athletically, in still another aesthetically, the painting of pictures, and in another inventively in the creation of new contrivances. It is not necessarily a creative urge although in people who have any capabilitie s for creation it will take this form.†Several points must be made concerning Maslow’s model of motivation. First, it should be made clear that he does not mean that individuals experience only one type of need at a time. In fact, we probably experience all levels of needs all the time, only to varying degrees. In many parts of the world, hunger is a genuine reality but we have all experienced the phenomenon of not being able to concentrate upon a job because of a growling stomach. Productivity drops prior to lunch as people transfer their thoughts from their jobs to the upcoming meal.After lunch, food it not uppermost in people’s minds but perhaps rest is, as a sense of drowsiness sets in. Similarly, in almost all organisational settings, individuals juggle their needs for security (â€Å"Can I keep this job? †) with needs for esteem (â€Å"If I do what is demanded by the job, how will my peers see me, and how will I see myself? †) Given a situatio n where management is demanding a certain level of performance, but where group norms are to produce below these levels, all these issues are experienced. If the individual does not produce to the level demanded by management, he or she may lose the job (security).But if he or she conforms to management’s norms rather than those of the group, it may ostracise him or her (belonging) while the individual may see him or herself as a turncoat (esteem) and may have a feeling of having let the side down (self-esteem. ) We do not progress simply from one level in the hierarchy to another in a straightforward, orderly manner; there is a constant, but ever-changing pull from all levels and types of needs. A second point that must be made about Maslow’s hierarchy is that the order in which he has set up the needs does not necessarily reflect their prepotence for every individual.Some people may have such a high need for esteem that they are able to subordinate their needs for sa fety, or their physiological or belonging needs to these. The war hero springs to mind. There is little concern for safety or physical comfort as the seeker of glory rushes forward into the muzzle of destruction. A third, and very important point to be made about Maslow’s hierarchical model is the assertion that once a need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator – until it re-emerges. Food is a poor motivator after a meal. The point in this is clear for management.Unfortunately, many organisations and individuals still fail to get the message. Most incentive schemes are based upon needs that have already been largely satisfied. If management placed emphasis on needs that have not been satisfied, employees would be more likely to be motivated towards achieving the goals of the organisation. Human behaviour is primarily directed towards unsatisfied needs. Finally, an important aspect of Maslow’s model is that it provides for constant growth of the individual. Th ere is no point at which everything has been achieved.Having satisfied the lower needs, one is always striving to do things to the best of one’s ability, and best is always defined as being slightly better than before. There has been a great deal of debate over Maslow’s hierarchical concept of motivation. It has a basic attraction to most people because it seems to be logical, to make sense. Dual-Factor Theory – Frederick Herzberg Frederick Herzberg and his associates began their research into motivation during the 1950?s, examining the models and assumptions of Maslow and others.The result of this work was the formulation of what Herzberg termed the Motivation-Hygiene Theory (M-H). The basic hypotheses of this theory are that: 1. There are two types of motivators, one type which results in satisfaction with the job, and the other which merely prevents dissatisfaction. The two types are quite separate and distinct from one another. Herzberg called the factors wh ich result in job satisfaction motivators and those that simply prevented dissatisfaction hygienes 2. The factors that lead to job satisfaction (the motivators) are:achievement recognition work itself responsibility advancement 3. The factors which may prevent dissatisfaction (the hygienes) are: company policy and administration working conditions supervision interpersonal relations money status securityHygienes, if applied effectively, can at best prevent dissatisfaction: if applied poorly, they can result in negative feelings about the job. Motivators are those things that allow for psychological growth and development on the job. They are closely related to the concept of self-actualisation, involving a challenge, an opportunity to extend oneself to the fullest, to taste the pleasure of accomplishment, and to be recognised as having done something worthwhile. Hygienes are simply factors that describe the conditions of work rather than the work itself.Herberg’s point is tha t if you want to motivate people, you have to be concerned with the job itselfand not simply with the surroundings. In a medical sense, growth, healing and development occur as natural internal processes. They are the result of proper diet, exercise, sleep etc. Hygienic procedures simply prevent disease from occurring. They do not promote growth per se. Herzberg says that we should focus our attention on the individuals in jobs, not on the things that we surround them with.He maintains that we tend to think that growth and development will occur if we provide good working conditions, status, security and administration, whereas in fact what stimulates growth (and motivation to grow and develop) are opportunities for achievement, recognition, responsibility and advancement. Once again, this theory has a basic attraction. As Joe Kelly puts it, however: â€Å"It is always as well to bear in mind that academics, who place considerable value on autonomy and inner direction, have an obse ssion about making work meaningful.The notion that it is possible to realise man’s true nature through creative work which is its own reward is an exceedingly attractive proposition to the learned don which is rarely fully shared by his wife†. Herzberg goes further than Maslow, cutting the hierarchy off near the top and maintaining that motivation results only from some elements of esteem needs and self-actualisation. The Need for Achievement – David McClelland The one single motivating factor which has received the most attention in terms of research, is the need for achievement (n-ach). As a result, we know more about n-ach than any other motivational factor.Much of this knowledge is due the work of David McClelland of Harvard. To illustrate what he means by the need for achievement, McClelland cites the following example: â€Å"Several years ago, a careful study was made of 450 workers who had been thrown out of work by a plant shutdown in Erie, Pennsylvania. Most of the unemployed workers stayed at home for a while and then checked with the employment service to see if their old jobs or similar ones were available. But a small minority among them behaved differently; the day they were laid off, they started job hunting.They checked both national and local employment offices; they studied the Help Wanted sections of the papers; they checked through their union, their church and various fraternal organisations; they looked into training courses to learn a new skill; they even left town to look for work, while the majority when questioned said they would not under any circumstances move away to obtain a job. Obviously the members of the active minority were differently motivated†. Individuals with a high n-ach have a number of distinctive characteristics which separate them from their peers.First of all, they like situations where they can take personal responsibility for finding solutions to problems. This allows them to gain perso nal satisfaction from their achievements. They do not like situations where success or failure results from chance. The important thing is that the outcome be the result of their own skill and effort. A second characteristic of high n-ach people is that they like to set moderately high goals for themselves. These goals are neither so low that they can be achieved with little challenge, nor so high that they are impossible.High n-ach individuals prefer goals that require all-out effort and the exercise of all their abilities. Once again, the achievement of this type of objective results in greater personal satisfaction. This phenomenon can be observed in very young children. A child may be given a game of ring toss, told that he or she scores whenever a ring lands over the peg and then left alone to play the game. McClelland comments: â€Å"Obviously children who stand next to the peg can score a ringer every time; but if they stand a long distance away, they will hardly ever get a ringer.The curious fact is that children with a high concern for achievement quite consistently stand at moderate distances from the peg where they are apt to get achievement satisfaction †¦ The ones with low n-Achievement, on the other hand, distribute their choices of where to stand quite randomly over the entire distance. In other words, people with high n-Achievement prefer a situation where there is a challenge, where there is some real risk of not succeeding, but not so great a risk that they might not overcome it by their own efforts†.A third distinctive characteristic of high achievers is that they want concrete feedback on their performance. Only certain types of jobs provide this kind of feedback, however, and so some kinds of jobs are unattractive to high achievers. For instance, teachers receive only imprecise, hazy feedback as to the effectiveness of their efforts while production managers have a daily output chart to look at with either joy or disappointment . There are some additional minor characteristics possessed by high achievers. They tend to enjoy travel, are willing to give up a bird inthe hand for two in the bush and prefer experts to friends as working partners. The image is clear; the high achiever is a personality type suited admirably to certain jobs and not others. It would be wrong to treat all individuals as high achievers and attempt to motivate them by offering them challenging jobs, rapid and objective feedback on performance and personal responsibility for success or failure. The need for affiliation and the need for power McClelland has also identified two other types of need, the need for affiliation (n-affil) and the need for power (n-pow).His testing procedure is concerned with the application of what is known as the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a series of pictures which are presented to a subject, one at a time. The individual is asked to tell a story about each picture. The underlying assumption of the TA T procedure is that it will reveal the dominant thoughts and attitudes of subjects. For instance, an individual with high n-ach will formulate stories concerned with getting things done, challenging situations, feelings of satisfaction at having done a good job and so on.The individual with a high need for affiliation (n-affil) will reflect sensitivity to the feelings of others, a desire for friendly relationships and a reference to situations which involve human interactions. High n-power subjects will relate stories reflecting the process of influencing others, controlling and manipulating others. The need for affiliation The need for affiliation is similar to Maslow’s need to belong. It can be a dominant motivating force affecting behaviour and may manifest itself in many different ways.The novelist John O’Hara was supposedly obsessed with the fact that, not having a college degree, he was excluded from membership of certain clubs and societies. At the other end of the spectrum, James Coyne, a former Governor of the Bank of Canada, was described as the most unclubbable man in the country, as he held an aversion to joining groups. In its most straightforward form, a need for affiliation manifests itself in a desire to be liked by others, to be part of a group, to enter into warm, personal relationships.High n-affil people value relationships over accomplishments, and friendship over power. The need for power In studying the motivational profiles of North American managers, McClelland noticed that many of those who reach the top of organisations and are rated as highly effective in their positions, demonstrate a concern for influencing people. This is, in McClelland’s terms, a need for power. This need is not simply seen as the raw desire to control others or simply to exert authority.McClelland makes the point that: â€Å"†¦ this need must be disciplined and controlled so that it is directed toward the benefit of the institution as a whole and not toward the manager’s personal aggrandisement. Moreover, the top manager’s need for power ought to be greater than his or her need for being liked by people. † Power motivation refers not to autocratic, tyrannical behaviour but to a need to have some impact, to be influential and effective in achieving organisational goals. Results McClelland examined the motivational needs of a large group of managers whose units demonstrated varying degrees of morale.The most important factor, in predicting whether a manager’s subordinates would exhibit high morale, turned out to be how their need for power related to their need for affiliation. Teams which exhibited higher morale were those in which the manager’s need or power exceeded their desire to be liked. McClelland puts forward the following explanation: â€Å"Sociologists have long argued that, for a bureaucracy to function effectively, those who manage it must be universalistic in applyi ng rules. That is, if they make exceptions for the particular needs of individuals, the whole system will break down.The manager with a high need to be liked is precisely the one who wants to stay on good terms with everybody and therefore is the one most likely to make exceptions in terms of in terms of particular needs. †¦Sociological theory and our data both argue †¦ that the person whose need for affiliation is high does not make a good manager. † Organisation man? Power-motivated managers, like achievement orientated managers and the affiliators, demonstrate distinct characteristics: They are highly organisation-minded. They feel responsible for building organisations to which they belong.They believe strongly in centralised authority. They like to work. This is different from the high achiever who likes to minimise work by becoming more efficient. While the high achiever minimises effort and maximises output, the power-motivated manager enjoys work for its own sake. They are willing to sacrifice some of their own self-interest for the good of the organisation. They have a strong sense of justice, feeling that hard work and sacrifice should be rewarded. The picture of McClelland’s power-motivated manager is reminiscent of the organisation mancaricatured by William Whyte.The message seems to be that if one is dedicated to the institution, committed to the work ethic and unflagging in energy and devotion, success will follow. However, the increasing popularity of switching jobs as a method of rapid advancement and the rapidity of change in organisations somewhat contradicts this type of thinking. Expectancy Theory of motivation – Victor Vroom Victor Vroom, of Carnegie-Mellon in Pittsburgh, has challenged the assertion of the human relationists that job satisfaction leads to increased productivity.(This theory has been called the contented cow approach to management.) The assumption is that if management keeps employees happy, t hey will respond by increasing productivity. Herzberg, in a delightful film of motivation, highlights the fallacy of this assumption with an interview between a manager and a secretary. The secretary is complaining about the job, and the manager lists all the things that have been done for the secretary – increases salary, new typewriter, better hours, status and so on – at the end of which she looks straight at him and asks, So what have to done for me lately?The point may be made that satisfied needs do not motivate people Hygienes simply keep employees quiet for a time. For an individual to be motivated to perform a certain task, he or she must expect that completion of the task will lead to achievement of his or her goals. The task is not necessarily the goal itself but is often the means of goal attainment. Vroom defines motivation as: â€Å"A process governing choices, made by persons or lower organisms, among alternative forms of voluntary behaviour.†In o rganisational terms, this concept of motivation pictures an individual, occupying a role, faced with a set of alternative voluntary behaviours, all of which have some associated outcomes attached to them. If the individual chooses behaviour 1, outcome A results; if 2 then B results and so on. Knowing that individuals choose behaviours in order to obtain certain outcomes is nothing new. The question is why they choose one outcome over another.The answer provided by the motivational theories in the other articles in this short series (Maslow, Herzberg, McClelland) is that the choice reflects the strength of the individual’s desire or need for a specific outcome at a certain time. However, Vroom makes the point that task goals (productivity, quality standards or similar goals attached to jobs) are often means to an end, rather than the end in itself. There is a second level of outcomes which reflect the real goals of individuals and these may be attained, in varying degrees, thr ough task behaviour.An individual is motivated to behave in a certain manner because (a) he or she has a strong desire for a certain task outcome and a reasonable expectation of achieving that outcome and (b) because he or she also expects that the achievement of the task outcome will result in reward in terms of pay, promotion, job security, or satisfaction of individual needs – physiological, safety, esteem and so on. Let us take a look at how the model works. Imagine a manager has as a task goal, receive good ratings for internal customer service.The choice of this task goal reflects three things: The strength of the need for good ratings versus some other goal. The expectation that this goal can be achieved. The expectation that the achievement of this task goal will lead to desired rewards – promotion, increased security and so on. Vroom would maintain that we do things in our jobs in order to achieve second level rewards: â€Å"If a worker sees high productivity as a path leading to the attainment of one or more of his or her personal goals, he or she will tend to be a high producer.Conversely, if he or she sees low productivity as path to the achievement of his or her goals, he or she will tend to be a low producer†. Certainly Vroom has hit on an important aspect of motivation. We do not attempt simply to satisfy a need or even a set of needs in a straightforward, â€Å"If I do this, then I will achieve that† manner. We work with a chain of goals and rewards, where goals in one area are only a means of achieving goals in another.

Shunned

AP English Letter to the Editor â€Å"Speak when you are angry- and you will make the best speech you'll ever regret. â€Å"- Laurence J. Peter. Words are powerful tools that can build up, tear down, discourage, encourage, bring life, or bring death (Assonated). Words have always been impact, but in the last 30 years the way words can affect people have increased dramatically in scope. With the widespread use of cell phones and the advent of social media, words and ideas travel in the blink of an eye, regardless of the content.Sadly, many people find themselves regretting the words that were spoken over the web, over the phone or in open air; such is the case of Archie Incognito. Incognito is an offensive lineman on the Miami Dolphins who is praised by many as extremely talented. Although his athletic talent is impressive, it does not overshadow his anger issues. Throughout his career as a football player, the inability to control emotions has been his downfall, which has contribut ed to one of the biggest scandals in National Football League history.The organization that has defined American sports, that attracts millions of viewers from all walks of life and provides common ground for all people, is experiencing a dishonor that brings into question everything the NFG stands for. (Periodic Sentence) As previously stated, Incognito has long had issues handling anger on and off the field, but in a recent turn of events his private issues have spilled into the public eye (Antithesis).Allegedly, Incognito caused Jonathan Martin, a teammate and fellow offensive lineman, to quit playing football because of Incognitos incessant bullying and disturbing behavior. The harassment involved sending threatening and racially charged messages, making threats against Martin's family and even Martin himself. Jason La Conform of CBS Sports reported that Incognitos intense harassment caused Martin to come to the point of fearing for his safety, and that leaving the team was his only option.At this time Incognito is suspended from play indefinitely and his fate with the Miami Dolphins remains to be seen. Incognitos behavior is obviously insensitive, selfish, and extremely offensive, but does it warrant rejection and scrutiny that Archie Incognito is now receiving? Absolutely. The language that Incognito used goes above and beyond the tolerance level for the vast majority of individuals. Not only did he threaten Martin, but also his family, which reaches a different level of offense.When bullying forces a grown man to leave his Job as a professional football player, something must be done. On top of the series of events involving Martin, there is evidence that this type of behavior is not new to Incognito. His previous transgressions include a sexual harassment charge, three counts of assault, multiple cases of serious violations of team rules room high school to college to pro football, and to top if off was voted the Dirtiest Player in the NFG in 2009. Cle arly, it was only a matter of time before something as shocking as this most recent event came bubbling to the surface.This type of behavior should not be acceptable in any way, shape, fashion or form, and should be punished. By â€Å"shunning† Incognito, he may learn to control his words and actions more carefully and therefore may save more people from his scathing tongue and callous behavior. But couldn't this Just be a case of overreaction, Just some crude locker room talk hat found it's way out into the open? Incognitos defense of himself was that that was just how the two men talked. While crude and offensive to a 3rd party observer, could it have Just been normalcy for the two men?While this argument has some merit it is invalid on several points. Firstly, Jonathan Martin DID leave the team, naming the reason for his departure as the intense invective leveled against him. It is hard to believe that he did not show any signs of sadness or speak up for himself before lea ving. Would that have stopped Incognito? Given his previous record, most likely to. Secondly, death threats go beyond friendly razzing but step into the realm of seriousness, especially when family members are threatened.Lastly, Incognito knew that Martin had thinner skin than the guys he was used to dealing with. According to Fort Lauderdale newspaper the Sun-sentinel, the Dolphins coach had commissioned Incognito to toughen Martin up; Incognito apparently attempted this by using tirades of abusive speech. Martin needed a brother, he needed support, he needed genuine motivation. (Anaphora) But what he received only pushed him further to the brink of oppression, paralyzing fear and self-pity.In this case the ends did not Justify the means; the wrong action was taken and should be dealt with in the public eye. In the end, it is obvious that Incognito was in the wrong and should be dealt with according to the degree of his offense. We should not allow him to call darkness light, and l ight darkness, or to call evil good and good evil (Intolerable) but hold him accountable for the malicious actions he took towards an undeserving human being. But the want of Justice should not prevent Incognito from sincerely apologizing and running from his old ways of malice and damaging words.Everybody has things that are regrettable in their past and would not wish to be denied forgiveness if it was brought to the public eye. So although Incognito demonstrated unacceptable behavior, he should always be allowed the opportunity to ask for forgiveness; forgiveness for things said, forgiveness for things done and forgiveness for such blatant insensitivity (Indianapolis). Hopefully this type of punishment will ward off any future disturbing cases of harassment and make people think twice about inflicting extreme emotional damage on people.

Education Essay

Education Essay There are many rules that are used for education essay writing which should be followed in order to write a good education essay. The word essay literally means an attempt; and hence essay is the name given to the form of composition which is a short attempt on a given topic. Usually it gives writer’s own opinions on some topic, but also gives details of a narrative, a description of some subject. The Education essay is the most interesting exercise in English composition writing. It is supposed to provide the students the best means of expressing their thoughts on an educational topic and thus of acquiring a command over language. No one can deny the importance of education essay. A good educational essay must be coherent and unified whole. The ideas in it should be stated briefly and clearly. It should display the charm of style and the language. The personal element should illuminate the whole. Suitable subject, good arrangement and effective language make a good education essay. Subject matter: The student should have enough knowledge about the subject he/she is writing about. This can be gained by various ways such as by reading books, periodicals and newspapers, by observation of life and by conversing with well-informed friends at different places of meeting. A good writer of education essays should have read a lot of general books on all sorts of subjects related to education and others as well. A good writer of education essays should keep his/her eyes open and if possible, keep a note-book in which he/she note all sorts of things that excite interest in everyday life. A good writer of education essays must be a good talker and a good listener wherever he finds people engaged in conversation on topics of various interests. After having read all that a student can possibly read about a subject, he/she should take the following steps: Clear his/her ideas about the subject: This means that the student should take a definite point of view and decide which line of thought he has to keep. Collect material: The student should make sure of what his/her point of view should include and then collect all possible material that lies within its context. Select important points: The student should see that all materials collected by him/her, is not to be included. The student should select all that can give his/her point of view without repetition or inclusion of irrelevant details. Divergent selection leading to obscurity must be avoided.

susan smith essays

susan smith essays When turning on the television, radio, or simply opening the local newspaper, one is mess with news of arrests, murders, homicides, serial killers, and other such tragedies. 1994 must be a great year to be alive if you are a criminal! Nobody takes liability for his or her own actions anymore. Someone commits a heinous crime, and everything but the criminal is blame, it was a cruel childhood, abusive parents, in my mind, if you commit a crime, and then you are a criminal. Others may influence my decisions, but ultimately, I am the one that makes that final choice. No matter how hard and pathetic you think your life is, or how badly society treats you, you made the decision to break the law-nobody made the decision for you. The Susan Smith case is a good example. Does such a statement as "hurt people, hurt people" excuse one's action. Does it exaggerate the apparent thought that an individual who is hurt by others will, in their pain, inflict hurt on otherseven the innocent? It is hard to figure out how someone could kill his or her own children. We live in a society today where killings happen on a day-to-day basis, and many get away with it. Those who are caught do not usually stay in that cell for the rest of their life. For a cold-blooded killer, capital punishment is the only true justice. Susan Smith drove her two innocent kids in to the lake. She freely drove her car into the lake as her two young sons sit seat belted in the backseat of her car. Susan then got out of the car and watched as the cabin of the car filled up with the freezing cold water eventually drowning the two. Just think of how they felt as they sit in the car crying for their mother frantically, wondering why mommy left them there? For nine days, she stuck to her story about a black carjacker who confiscate the car as she drove on a dark and empty back road. Friends and relatives joined an apprehensive search, until ...

Kraft Foods Corporation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kraft Foods Corporation - Assignment Example Kraft Foods Corporation, launched in 1903, is the leading drinks and cuisines firm in N. America and the subsequent most prominent corporation globally. Therefore, nothing speaks to the Kraft Foods corporate values more than the company’s relentless concern on safety of food. The company ensures that it consumers use its brands with confidence and without fear of contracting some health problems. Â  In connection to this, environmental, anti-biotech team tests have concluded that taco shells brand contained a certain protein (Cry9C), a pesticide is unproven for consumption by human, ((Kraft Foods Co., 1995).. The corn now only approved for utilization in animal feed since the issue concerning whether the product could cause unhealthy reactions to human beings is unclear. Test provided by an environmental, anti-biotech team confirmed harmful corn traces in a taco shell brand, which had been bought in the suburb of Washington, and laboratory tests by Kraft Company confirmed sim ilar results, (Kraft Foods Co., 1998). Â  Therefore, in response to this claim, Kraft Foods Company, a Phillip Morris Company division, announce an intentional recall of the whole Taco Bell line of production such as Taco shells home original 12 and 18 and taco kits and seasoning 12, until the company will be confident that genetically modified corns are no more in the company meals. Irrespective of the claims, Kraft Company affirms that there are no human health threats from the corn (Kraft Foods Co., 1998).

The Future of Natural Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Future of Natural Medicine - Essay Example This led to its near extinction in United States and U.K., while in Germany, China and India it got sidelined. Today there is a renaissance going on in medical herbalism throughout the world. W.H.O. estimated that more than 80% of the world population depends primarily on herbal medicine for their healthcare needs. In U.K. a recent survey revealed 1/3 of the people do use herbs regularly. [Herb Harvest] In U.S.A. there is a 380% increase in herbal medicine between 1991 and 1997. [Eisenberg et al 1998] The resurgence of the interest in herbal remedies is largely consumer driven. [70% took herbal medicine by their own information- Eliason et al 1977] This comes by the increasing interest shown by the public and confidence in self medication [Blenkenstop and Bradley 1999] Increased media coverage of the beneficial effects of herbal medicine also played a role in this. Sales of Herbal Medicine increased in U.K.from 27.8 million pounds in 1991 to 38 million pounds in 1996.This is an under estimation since Mintel excluded Garlic and Ginkop from medical category. Actual figures will show this to be 7 times more. European Union registered 7000 million dollars retail sales of herbal medicine in 1996. In Germany sales of herbal medicine in 1997 was 1.8 billion dollars (I.M.S. 1998) which comes to 1/3 of the O.T.C. [over the counter] sales. In U.S.A. 1994 sale was 1.6 billion dollars while 1998 sales rose to 4 billion dollars.[Brevoort 1998] In France it was 1.1 billion dollars in 1997, 28% of the O.T.C. market [I.M.S. –Institute of Medical Statistics-1998] Reasons for this increased use- An Herb is (also called botanical) a plant or plant part used for its scent, flavor, and / or therapeutic properties. They can be used singly or in combination. NCCAM [National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine] brought forth a Fact Sheet for creating