The World’s Wife ‘Little Red-Cap’

How true would it be to say that lowly Red-Cap is interpretive program of the body of warble Ann Duffys collection The Worlds married wo opus? Duffy includes a range of themes, which ar portrayed in an idiosyncratic fashion within the collection The Worlds married woman. Most conspicuously olive-sized Red-Cap foc go fors on the issues of fe anthropoid dominance whilst contrasting it with female exploitation. Alongside, qualities of ambition and independence Duffy can represent her female char consummationers as significant and thereof hinder mens reputation in the current elderly society.This point is further elucidated by Michael Woods who stated the poet f consumptions these ideas to reinforce the regular nullity that is forced upon many women when they are requi redness to take a mans name in place of their own. In fact, the central theme of The Worlds married woman is encapsulated in this critique upon male arrogance. 1. Particularly this is approximatelything Duffy c oncentrates on in pouf Herod, Mrs Rip Van Winkle, Thetis and Mrs Aesop alongside Little Red-Cap. In invest to intensify the value of women in society Duffy typically portrays her female characters as more dominant than the males.In Little Red-Cap the adolescents control is open air especially in the final and penultimate stanzas as the twist on the original tale of Little Red Riding Hood I took an axe to the creature as he slept, one chop gives the vote counter the military unit to dominate over the controlling, male character. Her impatience to trip the animate beings rugged seduction is especially evident from Duffys use of enjambment between these two stanzas where she took an axe / to a willow to forgather how it wept.Further her power is apparent from the stand up line, singing, all alone, as Duffy explicates the merriment with her triumphant victory over the dark character without the assistance from the hero, typically being a male character. Duffy identifies the bother in which men are portrayed in Queen Herod where women reciprocally see men, deceptively, as a Hero, Hunk, the je tadore and showing that this is a problem by incorporating the negatives in contrast, such as The Wolf, The Rip, The sens.In comparison, the humorous pun used in the final stanza of Mrs Aesop portrays the female as over powering through the trenchant ridiculing of the males little prick that wouldnt crow. Following this, the witty threat Ill skid off your tail, all right, I said, to save my face, which refers to the Bobbit case where his married woman cut off his penis, is suggestive of threatening the same act upon him, which leave out him up and she laughed last, longest proving how much control Mrs Aesop has over her husband.Comparatively, there is a distinct semantic field of power in Queen Herod from the use of phrases such as I swore, Do it and I sent for the head word of Staff, showing the power, and confidence in that power, that Queen Herod has over the male characters. Perhaps this portrayal by Duffy is to influence women that this attitude can be acceptable and possible in our modern day society. Despite this, Duffy contrasts the power of the female gender with the exploitation of females in society.The wolf in Little Red-Cap is alluring whilst his chin beholds a hidden sign of adulthood red wine staining. The last line of the second stanza he spot me, sweet sixteen, never been, babe, waif, and bought me a drink elucidates the overpowering control the wolf has over the adolescent. It is considerably regarded as an issue as the adolescent initially sees the wolf as seductive rather than threatening, as seen in some modern day relationships. Perhaps here Duffy is attempting to inform the reader of the dangers of maturement up too fast in the company of an influential man.Particularly, in Mrs Rip Van Winkle the female sank like a gem as if drowning, which creates a traumatic and confining image where the narrator has befudd led control and explicates her failure. The use of still in the extended metaphor I sank like a stone into the still, deep waters of late center of attention age suggests a sense of calmness contrasting with the panic of drowning in from experiencing the menopause. This contrasts gives off the suggestion that it is only the woman that changes mean patch the rest of the origination remains still and composed.This is compared with Thetis where female exploitation is extremely acknowledged. Similarly, the wife of Thetis shrank and sank herself to escape the controlling power of the male character. Identifying this issue allows the reader to regard it soberly thus influencing the reader, which is most likely to be female, to share feminist views and condemn the male population. Little Red-Cap especially consists of the themes ambition and independence whilst growing up.The account line of childhoods end is the transition from innocence to experience with a journey of impetuous turm oil to find love, passion, sex and independence. For Little Red-Cap, poem is the reason why she chooses ambition because of its richness, the mystery of its ambiguity and the wolf (the dark, undercover character) can provide this for her. Perhaps, for Little Red-Cap, growing up is poetic and and then desirable. This can easily be compared with Mrs Rip Van Winkle who, while he slept, found adventure in her life.As she explains I found some hobbies for myself it is evident that she is thinking only of what she wants from the use of personal pronouns for the first and last words of the statement, which further portrays him as unimportant regarding her development in ambit triumph in adventure. This is especially explicated through the sibilance of seeing the sights as it conveys these adventures as stimulating thus influencing her female readers to reach out further than their heterosexual person relationship.Clearly, Duffys collection consists of various profound and weighty subj ects and Little Red-Cap contains the legal age of the themes present in the collection. In an interview in 2005 with Duffy the interviewer, Barry Wood, identified accompaniment poems in this collection that are unashamedly set in a contemporary idiom, re-casting the old stories in terms of modern life allowing Duffy to subverting them 2. Arguably, the act of modernisation here allows her readers to identify with the aforementioned issues raised.This therefore allows hope for the future(a) for women regarding their status and value as individuals rather than as simply wives or mothers. As a homosexual, Duffys feminist views coincided with the notably iconic statement made by Dorothy Parker heterosexuality is not normal, its just common as her collection takes a very common relationship that of man and wife and presents a collection of poetic monologues from the perspective of the wife 3 in order to give the worlds wife a persona. Little Red-Cap has been identified as a personal account of her relationship with her x in the interview with Barry Wood as he suggestively asks with a watertight autobiographical investment, focusing on the idea of yourself as a two-year-old poet, asserting your independence. with a reply of CAD Yes. therefore proving that the poem is broody of Duffys feminist views and opinions on heterosexual relationships. The Worlds married woman consists of providing wives of famous and infamous historic, fictional and biblical male characters a voice in society as the majority were not even considered, whilst ordinarily criticising the male population for its ignorance, arrogance, selfishness the list is incessant. Because it is a personal poem Duffys views are most definitely included within Little Red-Cap as are they included in the collection as a whole. therefrom the poem of subjection is representative of the collection The Worlds Wife.Word count With quotes- 1,245 Without quotes- 952 Bibliography 1. Michael Woods critique of Q ueen Herod http//www. sheerpoetry. co. uk/advanced/carol-ann-duffy/notes-on-selected-poems-advanced/queen-herod 2. Interview with Carol Ann Duffy and Barry Wood http//www. sheerpoetry. co. uk/advanced/interviews/carol-ann-duffy-the-world-s-wife in 2005. 3. An essay written by username doralulusparky http//www. studymode. com/essays/The-World-s-Wife-Carol-Ann-Duffy-598083. hypertext mark-up language in February 2011.

Tanglewood Case 5

Case 5 Proposal Tanglewood prides itself on encouragement of innovation in the workplace. All hiring and advance decisions should be make on the basis of character and quality of work. The ensuing lawsuit brings to the highest degree a need to analyze Tanglewoods infusion strategies to ensure these practices atomic numerate 18 not hindering the advance of diversity. The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (UGESP) requires that both presidencys keep records that will allow for calculation and comparison of these statistics.The UGESP also requires that the four-fifths rule be calculated in all organizations. If is it shown that a selection rate for any assembly is less than four-fifths (4/5) (or eighty percent) of the rate of for the group with the highest rate then this will usually be considered to be license of adverse impact. After review, the total number of Department manager positions reveals the number of whites employed at this level begins to rise ov er that of non-white or African Americans.At the next level of Assistant Store Manager, we hold in a stupefying 92. 75% are white, which is nearly 10% higher than the ratios encountered at run and Shift Leader positions. Once you reach the highest job level, Store Manager, we see that 69. 56% are white and 30. 44% are non-white, but )% is African American. It appears this company has a ways to go to achieve adequate levels of diversity within the organization as a whole. Achieving Better EEO OutcomesBased upon the available selective info and earlier knowledge of Tanglewoods recruiting process and its successes, It is currently advised that Tanglewood should brood on the course of internal recruitment that is currently in place. The prior success speaks for itself and due to the major lack of substantial evidence that enkindle this one particular party has been discriminated against would make changing the protocol for promotion an ill-advised decision. Tanglewood has a repu tation for hiring minorities and establishing a culture that bases its reward musical arrangement upon the ctions and work record of the people it upraises. Based upon the information in the elusion it appears that the law firm of Eaglette-Schubert is currently affecting other employees and encouraging them to band unitedly in a law suit of Tanglewood. The attempted contacting of the employee (Mr. Root) by Ms. Gonzalez Tanglewood and his attendant response to Ms. Gonzalez suggest that Mr. Root has the intentions of creating negative publicity and has been in contact with the law firm with whom are taking his case.In addition his actions based upon the information provided do not represent the level of loyalty and respect for the organization that is required of persons that are wishing to be promoted to higher levels within the organization. This uncomplete information that we are provided does not provide nor give sufficient brainstorm to this case that should/would warrant the need for Tanglewood to change/adjust its current promotion system for employees. Promotion and Career Development ChangesTanglewood is known for its culture and philosophical system to provide the best work environment and customer service in the retail industry. Tanglewood also prides itself on allowing employees to grow and develop through its heed training programs however, it is essential for Tanglewoods current HR staff and executive director management team to be particularly aware of the statistical numbers game of its management staff and to continue to recruit and employ a good, divers(a) group of candidates to be considered for management.In an effort to increase the level of minorities employed in the management program, it its proposed that Tanglewood recruits from primarily minority institutions and groups. Tanglewood can also use foreign sources that focus and cater to minority employment. Tanglewood can also continue to promote their philosophy, work envir onment and commitment to excellent customer service. Ultimately, Tanglewoods philosophy and culture is to promote excellent customer service and to provide an keen work environment.

Gorn Chapter Essay

What powers awarded to congress in the nature of 1787 would an Anti- Federalist be most likely to oppose? Anti- Federalist were against the establishment both together but most of tot totallyy, I entail the Anti-Federalist were against the fact that the evoke g everywherenments would no longer have as oft power like it did with the Articles of Confederation. The constitution supported the idea of a regnant and strong central government. The congress had the power to tax mass, and make rules and regulations as it says in document two.With liberty be the Anti-Federalists biggest argument, the federalist got the idea that with all the power congress had, their freedom and rights would be threatened or charge interpreted away and thats what they feared most. 2. According to the Constitution of 1787, what are the eligibility prerequisites and weft processes for a) members of the House of Representatives Members of the House of Representatives are chosen every two age by the p eople and the number of representatives from each one republic gets is proportional to the population.The members has to be twenty-five years of age or older, has been a citizen of the United States for at to the lowest degree seven years and shall not be, when elected, an Inhabitant of the State in which he is representing. b) members of the Senate, and Each state has two senators serving a vi year term. In the Constitution of 1787, the senate was appointed by the Legislature and must have at least one vote. Members of the Senate must be 30 years of age, been a citizen of the U. S. for nine years, and should not be an Inhabitant of that State. ) the prexy and vice president? Both the President and Vice president function in the same term of four years. The person running for president and vice president had to be a citizen of the United States for 14 years and naturally born in the U. S. and they had to be at least 35 years of age. The president had to have a majority vote for a guarantee to be president if not the House of Representatives chose in some other situations. 3. Critique the provisions contained in theConstitution of 1787 from the point of view of each of the honoring groups I look at all together the only people who felt they would benefit from the Constitution was the small populated states and the African Americans. The smaller States would gain much of a say then being unmarked by the larger States, although in the Constitution they would only have a few representatives for their state, it still was a good out keep down be clear they would at least have some sort of say and opinion in what laws were passed due to the power of their representatives votes.The Constitutions main culture was to make sure all states were equal and with that being said, it led up to the African Americans being free and gave a sand of something they had never felt, which was equality. The Anglos and Native Americans had to have a intellect of ange r because not only did they feel like their territory was being taken away, they also now had to have treaties with America if they were beyond the boundaries of the States, in pose to trade or do any business with the U. S.The larger states were probably not as approving of the Constitution because with the greater centre of population in their states, their governments got to do whatever and all the people had to follow their rules they set for themselves. In the Constitution, Congress is given the power over the self-coloured Country, if a state wanted to make something a law or tax people, they had to get the approval of congress. 4. In which of the six objectives designated in the introduce has the Constitution of 1787 lived up to its promises? In what areas has it not fully achieved its goals?The Constitution was real meant to be looked upon as a good thing, it was not suppose to cause any harm or uneasiness in the States. I think out of the preamble, the Constitution did eventually achieve success in all six objectives but the biggest issure that most Anti-Federalist had was the constitution not establishing justice or secure the blessings of liberty. If you really think about how the Constitution was made, it was illegal. The writers were only allowed to fixing the Articles of Confederation, not make a whole new Government.I think thats why Anti-Federalist were not convinced about the Constitution because it was through with(p) out of secrecy and the writers did not allow for the Anti-Federalist to make a mutual ground and make the Constitution mutual on both sides, that completely made it seem like the writers were just trying to take over America and make rules that seemed to take away the rights that were important to them. In the Constitution thither were specific laws for peoples safety, different forces were to be make in case of any attack or just to support general welfare.Although, the army had not been figured out yet on how each s tates army would form together, the idea of the forces feeler together for safety was in tact. 5. If you were a deputize to a state ratifying convention, would you have voted for or against the Constitution of 1787? Explain the reasons for your vote. If I was a delegate to a state ratifying convention, I would have voted for the constitution of 1787. The United States were at the point of duration were reformation was needed.Although umpteen people at the time were against the Constitution, I think overall it put the United States in a more successful path compared to the problems they were already facing as a nation. At the time prior to the Constitution, States had set there own laws that were to be abided by which made the outlook on the area as a whole, unorganized. The United States needed a more stable government, with the Articles of Confederation, it was basically like there was no government or any uniformed army in place in case of any attacks from other countries.The Constitution made the United States come together in the long run and a good agency with a fair amount of power was needed in order to get America straightened out. 6. Did the writers of the Constitution of 1787 desire to create a country or aristocracy? According to what I read, I think the constriction of 1787 was desired to be a aristocracy government. It was not until the Bill of Rights came into Constitution that made the United States a democracy.The constriction was first made with no checks and balance system which made the strong central government, have more power than it has today. The government in the Constitution had the power to do many things that the Anti-Federalist felt shouldnt have the right to have. Many of the people bread and butter in the states felt their unalienable rights were being taken away slowly so many Anti-Federalist decided to push and encompass to get the Bill of Rights passed so the government wouldnt gain similarly much power, that everyon e felt they wanted.

Reducing Racial Discrimination in the USA Essay

Between the consummations of 1877-1981 there were many another(prenominal) significant figures who contributed to wards diminution racial variety in the USA. Although without events some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Montgomery Bus ostracize, WWII or the actions of the NACCP to channelize attitudes towards African the Statesns, these individuals would stool had secondary load. The handles of Booker T capital of the United States and Du Bois specialise the theme for cultivated rights along with the Second World War except other individuals much(prenominal) as Martin Luther force help to actively hand the movement.Along with this the government and various professorships much so in the last mentioned of the period of 1877-1981 helped to dislodge attitudes and enforce legislation which was vital in trim back racial inequality in the USA. Booker T Washington began to depart the foundations to the urbane rights movement in his actions. Although I be lieve that during this early period of the movement little was achieved, Washington was mute able to provide education, and found African the Statesns that they had a future and it was at their accept mercy. This helped to relieve nearly who were less fortunate.On the other hand Du Bois took a route which direct campaigned for genteel rights for African Americans alike to Washington he achieved little cod to the already widespread racial situation in the USA. It is noticeable that these individuals had no short term meaningful effect on reducing racial variety, however much was achieved long term as they created the path for the cultured rights movement in the future, this was withal aided with the work from the NACCP, which raised sensory faculty of the racial discrimination situation in America.Another individual which had little short term significance in reducing racial discrimination was Marcus Garvey, who unlike Du Bois and Washington believed that dulls and whites could not co-exist and they should be separate, he held the belief that African Americans had to start their own nation in order to advance. Whilst he failed to clear up much touch on the movement itself, alike to his predecessors Du Bois and Washington, his ideas were valued and widespread, they invigorate many including future activists such as Malcolm X.Garvey gave African Americans at that eon a sense of dominance that they would be able to advance as a race, and they need not be bound by the constraints of racial discrimination. This is why in the Long term Garvey was a valued activist, and his ideas were accustomable in progress in the movement towards equality. similarly he gave confidence to other African Americans in campaigning against racial discrimination which could be seen in the likes of the Greensboro Sit Ins encourage into the civil rights movement.The likes of the NACCP helped to fix up an end to racial discrimination with the use of court cases and lega l methods which were unlike the methods that the likes of Washington employ with his attempts to educate. Examples of this were Brown Vs the board of education which the Supreme Court ruled in favor of reducing discrimination and segregation within schools. However the NACCP failed to shine discrimination totally the organization still managed to do some sizeable in the fight for equality.Further much, whilst the likes of Du Bois were unable to make a direct impact on reducing discrimination, he was able to work alongside the NACCP utilize other methods to succeed in his goals, and together this would abase discrimination much. therefore the NACCP played a more important billet than early individuals in reducing racial discrimination towards African Americans finished its early achievementes in successes in removing segregation, and although things to come would show to be more valuable to the civil rights movement, the NACCP was still a vital element in setting the foundat ion of the civil rights movement for the future.Although individuals had led the campaign for civil rights for African Americans end-to-end the early 20th century and towards the end of the 19th, as WWII commenced it would prove to be a key factor in aiding reduction of racial discrimination. It helped to change attitudes towards melanise Americans, as they went to war they were portrayed to be valuable American citizens which changed many white Americans attitudes towards them.The war also created stepping stones for the likes of Martin Luther exponent to breach into the civil rights movement, therefore not only did it have an impact on black Americans, it also created some success for many civil rights activists. However the war did nothing to reduce discrimination towards other ethnic minorities, for example Japanese Americans reliable much racial discrimination repayable to Japans role in WWII.Although the war was bad for the civil rights of Japanese Americans, Chinese Am ericans received a better way of life, with more civil rights as America forged a great political relationship with China afterwards the war due to their help during it. Therefore WWII was a great find on reducing racial discrimination within the USA for only certain minorities, although for the likes of Japanese Americans way of life got worsened as they were direct to camps until the war ended due to suspicions.The war was more important than earlier individuals as it had a direct impact on reducing racial discrimination, and further effect in the emergence of alert civil rights activists who would later have a significant role in the movement. As the attitudes towards African Americans changed after the war in the 1940s many civil rights activists saw their time to join the civil rights movement. One of these activists was Martin Luther major power who used methods of non-violence in order to gain sympathy from whites and in doing so change attitudes towards black Americans. Although his views were similar to those of Du Bois views, force had more effect on reducing racial discrimination. Particularly in attempts to eliminate consolidation. This was likely to be partly due to how far the civil rights movements had advanced by Kings time, in particularly down to WWII which changed attitudes. King gave confidence to grim Americans he used television and media to convey his ideas through speeches which were very influential and very much a trait of his. King was often compared as similar to Washington and Du Bois, although he did much more to reduce discrimination.His direct actions in the likes of the Montgomery Bus boycott. This event was critical in reducing racial discrimination as it saw black Americans united as one to fight for their cause, its success showed that with the unity of African Americans civil rights could be achieved, and also proved that the likes of King needed events such as the boycott to achieve anything as an activist. This ev ent was significant to him. Also significant to Kings civil rights success was the use of television. With the use of television violence towards African Americans could be shown to a wider audience crossways the USA, and could hange attitudes.Therefore although King was more significant than his predecessors Washington, Garvey and Du Bois as an activist, this was partly due to what King had to work with such as television. Further to this, the likes of civil rights activists such as Cesar Chavez who was in the fight for reducing discrimination within Mexican Americans followed Kings policies of non-violence, this showed King was not only having an effect on black Americans. Chavez led the first farm workers union in America which was successful to some extent, and led to the reduction of racial prejudice.Although this wasnt much compared to what the likes King had achieved with his use of speeches. In contrast to Kings policy of non-violence was the up and coming idea of Black Po wer during the 1960s. Originating from Garvey, violent civil rights activist Malcolm X worked to make the ideology more popular. The idea back up segregation, and blacks being supreme compared to white Americans, and again highlighted the ideas of African Americans starting their own nation. Xs beliefs of gaining equality by any means inevitable contrasted with Kings beliefs of non-violence which made King and X much like enemies during the 1960s.However, Xs ideas had little or none effect on passing legislation and reducing discrimination. Although alike to Garvey X gave black Americans confidence, noticeably within the northern ghettos in highlighting important issues of violence within these areas. Therefore Xs views of violence were greatly frowned upon, which always put him in the shadow of King who was always more significant in reducing racial discrimination in the USA. In the early stages of the civil rights movement the government played little role in reducing racial di scrimination.However presidents began to get involved in the movement as it persisted. Eisenhower had the first real involvement in the movement when he sent federal troops for assistance in Little Rock, and the government oblige the Supreme Court ruling of the Brown case in the town. Kennedy had mean to enforce a Civil Rights Bill, although this was later enforced via Johnson along with the balloting Rights Act of 1965, which gave black Americans the right to vote, and again reduced discrimination this was a step in the right direction of equality.Further to this Nixon aimed to enforce desegregation in schools as well as helping the like of vote rights, employment discrimination and aid to the poor. Although Nixon was not as significant as Carter who later made attempts to get black Americans involved politically, appointing them in the judiciary. This enabled more blacks to have a say as well as improve their status in society. Therefore presidents played a key role as if the y were for civil rights, then this could mean attitudes could be changed on a broader scale.This was important to the movement, and was more useful in reducing discrimination general due to legislation passed which was showing that action was being taken against racial discrimination, unlike the role of previous activists such as Du Bois, Garvey, X and Washington who failed to have much impact on legislation. The most influential president was Johnson he was able to pass legislation which made blacks equality to whites greater, such as the Voting Rights Act. Although the likes of King didnt have the power to do this, civil rights activists made government aware of the racial situation in the USA.Therefore they were more significant than presidents. In the 1970s and 1980s further action brought forward the civil rights movement. The introduction of the Quota System meant that employers and universities had to take on a certain percentage of African Americans, and the situation for b lack Americans began to quickly improve. Although this had much more significance than many activists in this later period, it was still influenced because of activists in the early stages of the civil rights movement, which make the likes of King more significant.In conclusion, in the period of 1877-1981 individuals were the most significant in reducing racial discrimination. Early activists such as Washington and Du Bois had little opportunity to reduce discrimination due to the widespread discrimination and the likes of the KKK, however, events such as WWII enabled activists to emerge, as attitudes towards African Americans had began to change. Using the ideologies of previous activists the most important individual King was able to use events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the likes of television to share his speeches and views, helping to pass legislation, change attitudes and give blackAmericans the confidence to further the civil rights movement. King helped to conve y the on-going discrimination paradox in the USA towards the government, which enabled presidents to take action with the likes of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which brought almost further equality for blacks. Although towards the latter stages of the movement the government had more effect on reducing racial discrimination by passing legislation.

John Locke: Property Rights Essay

Perhaps integrity of, if not the, most historic all in ally influential political thinkers of the western creation was nates Locke. John Locke, the piece of music who initiated what is now get laidn as British Empiricism, is also considered highly influential in establishing grounds, theoretically at least, for the writing of the United States of America. The basis for under root wording Locke is that he sees all people as having natural divinity fudge given right fields. As Gods creations, this denotes a certain equality, at least in an abstract sense.This religious bum drop acts as a the foundation for all of Lockes theories, including his theories of soulfulnessity, cloak-and-dagger quality, and the state. The reader will be sh make how and why people get under ones skin a natural right to space and the impact this has on the supreme, as fountainhead as the extent of this impact. Locke was a micro based ideologist. He believed that hu valet were autonomous exclusi ves who, although endured in a kind setting, could not be joint as a herd or societal animal.Locke believed psyche to stand for, a thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and reflection, and crowd out consider itself as itself, the a bid(p) thinking thing in different snips and places, which it only does by that consciousness which is inseparable from thinking. This ability to reflect, think, and reason intelligibly is wiz of the some(prenominal) gifts from God and is that gift which separates us from the realm of the beast. The ability to reason and reflect, although universal, acts as an explanation for individuality. All reason and reflection is based on person-to-person experience and reference.Personal experience essential be completely individual as no sensation can experience eachthing quite the same as some other. This leads to determining why Locke theorized that all hu manhoods, speaking patriarchially with respect to the time why all men, have a natu ral right to post. each man is a creation of Gods, and as such(prenominal) is endow with certain individual abilities and characteristics as gifts from God. Not being able to know Gods exact handlees for man, Locke believed that all men have an tariff to develop and caress these gifts.In essence, each man was in intrust of his own body and what was done with his body. Of course, for Locke, each man would do the commonsense thing and develop his natural skills and potentials to the best of his abilities, in the service of God. The view in God given abilities and the obligations that meet are not completely deterministic. earth, endowed with reason, could choose not to develop these abilities. Having the ability to choose the nurture of his potential, each man is responsible for that potential and consequently is responsible for his own body.The development, or lack therein, is a consequence of individual motivation and is manifested done labor. In keeping with the theor y of ones body is ones own, a mans plaza can be explained in terms of the quantifying forces of his labors. Physical labor or exercisation of his mind, to produce fruits for this persons labor, is then his own property. Locke believed that one did not penury the react of a self-directed, as far as property was concerned, beca give it is the melding of labor and nature that makes anything owned.Yolton articulates this when he states, (b)y mixing my work, my energy with some object, (nature), I particulise that object, its vulgarity becomes particular Locke believed that as pine as there was plenty for others, swallow was pointless(prenominal), irrelevant and would merely be an overzealous exercision of power. Pointless because as long as there was more for others in the common store, one was not infringing on anothers natural rights. Irrelevant because property issue or the use of labor was completely individualistic and one should not be able to control anothers labor as it is an infringement on their natural rights.There are however terminus ad quems, as far as property and labor are concerned. One cook is that of non destruction. God did not create anything for man to destroy. The amount produced by any man should be kept in check by his take of destruction. For example, there is a big difference between the cutting of one or a few trees and the harvesting of an entire forest. Yolton explicates this by stating that, peculiar(prenominal) rights comes in conjunction with this restriction. Since ? Nothing was made by God for Man to spoil or destroy, the property making function of mans activities ought to be curbed at the point of spoilage.If my acquisition spoils, I offend over against the fairness of nature, since I have, in the beginning, ? no Right, further than my use. What is useful and is used has evaluate and the person who uses them a right to them. The same rules are cited for land as for the produce of land. The making of currency as an unspoilable property and medium for swap seems to have by-passed this limit all together. Inequality becomes rampant and as such an authority is needed to protect a mans property and the social peace.With the advent of money as unspoilable property, certain inequalities amongst men would develop. Those with less start to feel cheated and used. This is very dangerous for those with more, because with these inequalities, comes the danger of theft, or defacement to property or body. It is for this reason that people enter into a social contract and appoint a soveriegn. The sovereign has the ability to protect those whose property is in danger, and will do so through with(predicate) the passing and enforcing of laws. In this way not only is a mans property protected, entirely a state of peace is maintained as well.Locke not only believed in one individuals right to property, but every individuals right to property. Since every person is a creation of Gods, and it must be Gods wi sh that we serve him through the abilities that hes given us, to interfere with a man and his labor, or the consequence of his labor, that is, his property, would be to interfere with Gods wishes. It is here that we begin to see the limits of men as well as the limits of the soveriegn. After all, how anyone interfere with the wishes of God?Locke believed that the power for social control must come from the sovereign. This sovereign is responsible to the will of the people, but has a antifertility authority, governing both over land and people. Locke believed that if a body of people, that is a community of people, chose to live and interrelate amongst each other, they must choose to live by a greater force, that is they must enter into a social contract. This force was the power of the majority manifested through the creation of a sovereign. Problems can arise, when individuals cannot agree.For this reason there must be a ruler and organization to decide disagreements, make and en force laws, and govern man. The enforcement of rules is not as lordly as it may sound. Even with the existence of a contain monarchy, man retains his individual and God given rights. As such, the sovereign, had no right to watch or take out the property of another. If he did so he would be going against, God, the people, and all that is natural. The extent of the services of the existing sovereign is to govern over, protect, and enforce the laws of the people.Locke believed that the role of the sovereign and his authority is in component part the people and that there must not be parental, that is absolute authority. Yolton explains this like so, If royal authority is derived from parental authority there would be as many kings as fathers from parental power it necessarily follows either that that all fathers have royal authority in which case a contradiction in terms arises no one has royal authority. In this way Locke is seen as a man who wants to limit the power of the s overeign over the individual.Locke believed that the sovereign, created out of the need for the protection of individual rights, that is, out of the need for protection of the privacy of property, could not manifest itself publicly through excessive social control. Perhaps Lockes idea is better explained this way. From privacy of possession, publicity of sovereignty does not follow no Man could ever have a just former over the life of another, by Right of property in demesne or possessions This, of course, would include the man of sovereignty and the men of government.Property sets the limit of sovereignty, in that no man has just power over another or anothers property. This right comes directly from God, because it is a God given right that a man should gain property through labor. This also sets the tone of the role of government, that of servitude instead of command. Locke believed that civil society existed to leave office individuals from the insecurity of the state of natu re. He thought that men united voluntarily in a concerted effort of preserving and protecting life, liberty, and estate. Here again we see the importance of property.Government within limits can work beneficially for all of man kind. This means that a sovereign would be necessity for the deliverance of lives, the promotion of freedom, and the protection of estate. Locke is quite adamant about the preservation of individual freedom which Aaron describes as need(ing) to be jealously preserved. This right to the property produced through labor is an inalienable right that each and every individual has. Even the soveriegn has no right to interfere with or take away a mans property. This is the true limit of any man or governing body. Locke favored a limited monarchy.This is an elected legislative assembly and a monarch that have the power to direct the state of matter to preserve the community and its members and their rights. Locke believed that people were the absolute sovereign, and that if the appointed sovereign abused his authority the people would have the right to dissolve the government. This right of the people reinforces the limitations of the sovereign, while enforcing the accountability of the sovereign. It is in this sense that the community or the aggregation of individuality, retains power over the sovereign and in essence limits its power.This is the extent of the limitation of authority of the sovereign. The sovereign is a servant of the people, that has limited power only as long as the majority allows it to have power. It was Lockes intent that the state was made for the individual and that the sovereign be used as a protective instrument for the good of the individual. Lockes ideas of property are based on God given rights. to each one person has been given a body, with certain abilities and potentials, to use by God. The use of this body is called labor and its product is called property.Since everyone has a body and a direct of potenti al everyone is capable of producing property. The purpose of the sovereign is to protect the individuals right to property and their property. The sovereign is limited in its power and authority and does not have the right to take or interfere with any mans property, since to do so would be an interference with the rights of man as given by God. It was Lockes hope that with such an ideology behind a people and their government that they might lay down and retain Lockes version of the good life, that is life, liberty, and most importantly estate. BibliographyAaron, Richard, John Locke, Oxford University extract, Toronto, 1963. Bowie, James, Twenty Questions An Introduction to Philosophy, MacMillan Publishing, New York, 1964. Locke, John, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Oxford University Press, London, 1975. Magill, Frank, Masterpieces of World Philosophy, harper and Row, New York, 1961. OConnor, D. J. , John Locke, Pelican Books, London, 1952. Squadrito, Kathleen, Lockes T heory of Sensitive Knowledge, University Press of America, Washington, 1978. Yolton, J. W. , Locke and the Compass of Human Understanding, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1970.

Internet Essay

Internet has become unrivalled of the basic needfully for mostly peoples we sack upt expect our effortless life without lucre. If we observe, we can well check out the fact that how profit has dominated in our lives and we are genuinely much dependent on internet. Earlier internet wan the source to collect information precisely but as time and technology changing day by day, lots of new trends is coming and our daily life has shifted on Internet. If we deprivation to explore any new palace, we intent internet, if we want to go for shopping, we use internet and this is not the end point of our list.We use internet to operate our mostly daily uses queries. Internet has become very useful in the field of education. As internet contributing great help in education, here we are discussing how internet contributing for education. With the help of internet, we can easily contact with any one. Internet has diminished the differences and every resource is very near and close to the needy one.Earlier School and College projects were too sorry to complete but with the help of internet, information and data is useable 24? and every needy student can complete their projects with the help of a small research. In other words, now needy one can achieve the goal, excuses dont exist now. The biggest source for information that is cyclopedia is available online and any one can use it to get craved information. Now there is no chance to get the incomplete information, cyclopedia contains the most effective informations and it is available online.Every intelligence activity in online available, whatever happens is available suddenly sp there is no background signal to look back or wait for some thing. You fill internet and you can update yourself any time according to your own needs and time table. What ever is happening is visible. There are lots of Online erudition Programs are available for those who are unable to attend the classes or have any other problems. Ev en online collages and institute are also available to serve online education.

Downsizing: Costs and Assigned Government Executive

Industry downsizing has been a major part of the incorporated world, rase establishment agencies are downsizing. GovernmentExecutive. com covers the business of the federal government and its extensive departments and agencies dozens of which dwarf the bangingst institutions in the private sector on its website. get wind the assigned Government Executive article and answer the following questions Which industries nurse substantially reduced fixed cost commitments? Do you believe this step-down in costs has substantially impaired the ability of these industries to meet the demand of their customers?It appears that both privite and public sectors are reducing fixed cost. According to Ciccotello and Green, the technology, auto, and government industries have substantially reduced fixed costs. The specific examples referenced in the article, Industrys Downsizing Lessons, were IBM, Honda, and the DoD in some cases the downsizing has been beneficial and in others it has been det rimental. DoD has taken the lead in the period round of federal downsizing, instituting several initiatives to reduce permanent staff positions, entrust more than on temporary help and outsource production.Honda made large cuts in its permanent engineering staff in response to the more volatile sales environment for automobiles since the mid-1980s. These cuts left Honda unable to keep chiliad with its competitors in the design of new automobiles. The results have been the loss of market fate and profit for Honda, which now faces the difficult task of trying to catch up. The meaning of cutting fixed costs too far could be even more dangerous for a government enterprise like DoD. The estimator fabrication is chop-chop changing technology is causing companies to reassess large, fixed-cost commitments.As a result, evidence of decreasing operating leverage in this industry abounds. Many large computer firms have made dramatic cuts in permanent staff. Standard and Poors reports that IBM had more than 370,000 full-time employees in 1990 and fewer than 270,000 in 1994. At the same time, computer firms have greatly increased outsourcing of products and leasing of equipment. twain of these trends reduce the requirement for large in-house expenditures on personnel, plant and equipment. Outsourcing and leasing make the enterprise more nimble, more able to quickly adapt to a rapidly changing sales environment.

Ethical and Moral Issues in Business Essay

Ethical issues and chaste issues ar completely different and it has different values. Morals are to a broader extent of a motivational word based on ideas and if you are skilful are wrong. You give yourself a certain expectation and nothing whoremonger change that. This is measuring sticks that are set by you in order to hurt a great career in the future. morals is a passe-partout based word that is based on your performance. The techniques in a body of work are professional and represented well if you can say you lease good ethic skills. Your honourable motive can be thither exclusively if you dont drive good moral philosophy in the working(a) environment, you may not be with that employer long.You can prepare good morality but your ethical issues can be a problem with omit of dedication. It is important to have good ethical and moral issues because it shows good leadership and in order to succeed in todays conjecture industry and be successful you have to have both. Lets grow me for instants I work for a multi-million dollar company and we have a mission statement this year that states ALL IN heart we have to give it our all and we have to know that at the exterminate the day, if I did not get that display or sell, at least(prenominal) I tried and the next day try it again.That is giving your all. My standard is set high which would include my morals to be the best. My working skills are recognizable from all management, so that means I have great work ethics. If I dont set myself to have my morals and ethical issues intact, I will not keep a occupation and be successful in the future. Business Ethics is when the business has to bring on a conscious decision on its problems such as harassment, employee traffic and discrimination to name a few. It is everyones hope that businesses choose to do what is right meaning ethical.Businesses become driven by profit and margins and as they grow, the hunger to achieve more money increases an d the businesses starts to fall off its ethical mission statements. Managers play a major role in this cultivate because they tend to block off what there position is in place for and they forget about the values that the company need when it comes to work relations. Personal Ethics could be defined as what a individual believes to be right. This varies from person to person as these are influenced by culture, beliefs, experience, law and religion.This person may have their own expectations in the work environment and feel that there way is right and not what the business says it is. The personnel ethics of a person is influence by the business ethics because the expectations can be high are low. If a worker feels that the ethics that the business product is not right, then he are she should confront the person in charge and come to an agreement of the problem. There should be balance when it comes to slew in the working environment. A couple of months ago at my job, we had a p roblem with some of the salesmens personnel ethic issues.The business ethics had its own standards but it was not agreeable with the mart feedback that is giving to us meaning the sales. The salesmen would focus on the criteria one way and when we had a market tour, some of them were dealt with in ways when it could have been avoided. The issue was resolved in front any further action had taken place, but if communication would have been a priority, disciplinary action would have not taken place. If we take control our personal & business ethics, we would create a better brotherly responsibility.

The Princess Bride

The Princess Bride is a 1987 American contain, based on the 1973 novel of the alike name write by William Goldman, combining drollery, adventure, romance, and fantasy. The film was directed by Rob Reiner from a screenplay by Goldman also the keep backs author. The story is presented in the characterization as a book be read by a grandfather to his sick grandson, this technique effectively keeping intact this novels tale style. This ikon is number 88 on The American Film Institutes (AFI) AFIs vitamin C Years 100 Passions listing the 100 greatest film drive in stories of all time.As said the movies novel the likes of feels it d unrivalled by a grandfather reading a book to his grandson, who would rather be playing his video game, then to listen to a story approximately love. The story takes place in a fancied world of Florin is about a beautiful woman named cowslip who orders around a fartherm boy until the day when she realizes, that she loves him. She wants to live mir thfully ever after with him, but then evil forces intervene. Buttercup learns that her one dependable love Westley her farm boy was killed. Five years subsequently we find Buttercup ready to marry the Evil prince Humperdinck.She is kidnapped by a trio of bandits, who want to start war between Gilda and Florin. The trio is tallied by the Dread Pirate Roberts. Who is there to save the princess, who is this heroic man in black? This movie is witty and sassy without going too far everyplace the top. Reiner manages a task of creating a movie that at the same time parodies a genre while also celebrating and participating in it. Despite the irony and the fantastic setting we come to care about the individuals even the trio of bandits.The instant the princess is kidnapped by agents of the evil Prince Humperdinck reveals itself as a spoof of sword and sorcery movies, yet the film somehow manages to approach to all viewers. While the younger viewers will sit matter to by the thrilling ac tion scenes like the sword fight, and the adults, will be laughing with movie at one scene after another. This film is funny not scarce because they contain comedy, but because Reiner does justice to the key form of his story. And those who search films that can be enjoyed by all members of their family this movie is it.All of them will enjoy it family members ranging from grammar school kid, to teenagers, ,mom and dad, and even grandma and grandad will befool a few laughs. There may be nothing better than this motion picture, which celebrates fairy tales and true love. , The Princess Bride can still be enjoyed on the simple level of the story of a princess being rescued by her one true love. The average family film is targeted mainly at children, with a few elements thrown in to go over the young childrens heads that appeal to their parents. The crafting of The Princess Bride, however, is far finer.Nearly every prognosis of the film delights all possible viewers. For example the sword fight between Inigo and Westly, offers equal thrills to the viewers of all ages even though the verbal rally that accompanies the struggle will resonate more with the older viewers. The choice of actors is only another plus for this movie for this already great movie , redbreast Wright and Cary Elwes were selected as much for their good looks as for their acting ability, and they prove that. They have great chemistry that just beams off the screen. Wright, despite being calcium bred, delivers a perfect British accent.Elwes is equally at home with this comedic, action, and manoeuvre role. Mandy Patankin, playing Inigo, matches Elwes athleticism and develops a character that is instantly sympathetic no matter of originally being a bad guy. Andre the Giant represents the in good order Fezzik as a lovable giant, and Wallace Shawn is hilarious as the narcissistic Vizzini, whose stamp out is inconceivable. Chris Sarandon takes Humperdincks arrogance to amazing levels. Sin ce the release from over 20 years ago, The Princess Bride has a lot been copied, but never equaled. Perhaps the most successful movie to prehend its spirit was the animated Shrek.The Princess Bride is an unparalleled achievement a modern sheer that will be enjoyed for generations to come. All in all the movie is a brilliant with the acting and comic wit is what makes the movie great. All though the movie is over twenty years old with makes the special effectuate nothing special. This movie has heart that is scene between Westly and his one true love Buttercup. All of the aspects add up to make one hreafelt comedy that will have you repeating lines in no time. This movie gets an inconceivable 4. 5 out of five stars.

Implication of resource and technical developments Essay

IntroductionTechnological learning in foot crank the brave out 30 long time, football has demonstrable dramatically. Improvements chip in been made not scarce in equipment casualty of footwear, footballs, goal keeping gloves and other general equipment, n everthe little also in terms of training methods and the attitude towards the professional plot of land (i.e. drugs in sport and dieting in let outicular). Training and attitude oer the last 30 years, most training methods dumbfound become to a greater extent than much specific to the sport, so sports players understructure become specialized at iodine particular activity.Describing the benefits of technological informations in football and the design of football equipment such as pass on features and benefits of football boots which are, light weight and are made of such fabrics as kangaroo leather. Most top level players ease up sock-liners which fit with the contours of foot to provide extra comfort and strateg ically position traction blades provide maximum grip. Football boots inspection and repair with a players grip, acceleration and turning ability. Footballs have had technological advancements such as having air property system, being high density and having a high abrasion come out which provides extra durability.The match balls played with in the premiership is precision engineered to exact standards to warrant that it is produced to within 3g of its ideal weight and to an exact circumference of 68.5cm. The benefits of the newer footballs are the change magnitude swerve that the ball offers and a better accuracy of passing. The football boots worn out by British teams right up to the fifties weighed around 550 grams, and the heaviest part was the steel toe cap. Today, football boots weigh a mere cl to 175 grams and fit snugly around the foot like a second skin. With just 100 grams less on each foot, a player taking around 10,000 steps during a 90 number match needs to move approximately ii tons less weight during the game.But having these technological developments in football equipment really shine the level of standard we compete at in todays sporting environment or have branding companies such as Addidas, Nike and Reebok just used this so called advance to get us buying their new equipment.TestingWhat Im hoping to cause out is what, if any, has the development of footballing equipment such as football boots and footballs played in culture and forward a performance or weather the equipment used 10 years ago was adequate enough to play with in todays game with affecting performance.To carry this research out I have devised an experiment using the most up-to-date sporting equipment and the equivalent from 10 years ago, to find out weather the advance of technological development can really improve a performance. I will analyze a competitive situation in a 5-a-side match where agility, accuracy, situation and balance are needed one team will hav e the developed equipment and the other the standard equipment. I will statistically record the whole game when it comes to shots on and off target, possession of the ball, first players to the ball and overall performance. To make the test valid the teams will swap equipment at half time.EvaluationFrom analyzing my research I found startling evidence, I found that there was austerely any difference, if any amongst the devil types of equipment. Looking at my finding the developed equipment had marginal advantages on its predecessors. What is did find was that the team with the advanced equipment didnt seem to work as hard to keep up with the pace of the game the competing team had to work much(prenominal) harder to compete at the same level as their competition. This may be a abundant factor as the level of football progresses when it comes to marginal factor that make a team successful advances in applied science make the difference.From analyzing the game is the amount of i njury the team with the new developed boots suffered. One individual who wore the equipment could feel the brunt of the challenge much more than the thicker material from the over-the-hiller boots, also one of the players suffered knee injury in the advanced boots. This result caused me consider whether this new technological advanced in equipment can really refining a players performance or damage it.The sound of the football boot is basic it provides some means of attachment to the performing surface whilst encasing the foot for surety, however this causes the player to go in one direction and to leave his foot behind and now with the development of football boots grip has become even more robust with grip cause serious injury if fixed to the surface. No shoe can ever guarantee full protection against injuries, because there exists a conflict between the function of the shoe and the interests of the human body. But with the continuous development of boots this issue may be di scarded in the favour of the best boots on the market rather than enhancing an individual performance.Statistically speaking when comparing the two type of equipment the developed boots were more consistent so when discussing on refining a performance the technological development of football equipment can help to make progression at your level by offering you an faint way of improving, by that I mean you can still improve and refine your performance without buying the latest equipment yet from analyzing new and old technologies the transition will be much harder.How I feel about(predicate) the development of football equipment with refining a performance with regards to the lack of protection given by modern football boots, and the repercussion in terms of player injuries, there seems little to suggest that the major manufacturers are divergence to give up their quest for the lightest football boot for a more protective one.The proliferation of big money sponsorship deals, name ly Nike Ronaldinho, Adidas with David Beckham and Reebok with Thierry Henry, has become a huge factor that drives the success and sales of a football boot maker, but is viewed as at a cost of injury and stagnation in football boot research and development. All we can predict for the upcoming is integration with sensor technology, lighter and more powerful football boots and more outlandish designs and styles rather than the simple quest on improving an individual.

Ernest Hemingway on Huckleberry Finn Essay

In 1935, Ernest Hemingway stated All modern American literature comes from one countersign by Mark twain called Huckleberry Finn and he was exactly right. Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is more than just an iconic American novel. It is the single-handedly the hold back that defines all American novels to come.The very plot of this americana novel is filled with the idea of the american spirit and american dream. Mark Twain does spectacular theorise of representing the notion of the American spirit by using a little boy named Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn is an adventurous young boy who molds his own future by getting away from a lifestyle that did not suit him. The American dream right? The belief that you as have the ability to spurt your destiny, if you dont like where youre at and what you atomic number 18 doing past go and change it. No one is stopping you.This novel similarly shows the diversity that makes up America and that people from all over a re accepted and are allowed to reach for their goals just as much as whatever other man. Jim, an African-American runaway slave, is a key character, and the supporter in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Jim dreams of becoming free and buying his family out of slavery. Jim, like Huck, decides to reappearance fate into his own hands and try and create a wagerer life for him and his family.That is why Ernest Hemingway said all American literature comes from this book. It entirely represents that the people of America are a different breed than any other. And this story of leaving a situation that does not suit you and separately forming your own destiny is a story that is told over and over in American novels. Stories like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn show traits that we value such as determination, tenacity, and a sort of rebellion from the formal way of doing things.

Learning to Read Malcolm X

In the book Learning to Read, Malcolm X describes his home-cured Education. He started his homemade grooming because his ability to fill and write was hampered, which thwarted him. He better himself with a dictionary and began painstakingly copying any entry. He began remembering the words and what they meant. Over a period of m he finished copying out the whole dictionary. Malcolm regarded the dictionary as a miniature encyclopedia. As his word base broadened, he set up that he could understand what he read.Malcolm read every free signification he had and he would stay up long nights information until 3 or 4 in the morning. As Malcolm continued to read he gained an extensive interest in History books. He was astounded at the knowledge he obtained slightly the history of black civilizations throughout the world. However, his reading was not limited to history because he also read about genetics, philosophy, and religion. Malcolm possessed the ability to teach himself the E nglish language when one knows how daedal it is.His relentless efforts not only bettered his intelligence but also his education on topics such as history, genetics and philosophy. In Learning to read, the tone of Malcolm Xs voice is exalted. Malcolm started on the streets as a hustler but later taught himself how to read in which he educated himself on the history of black civilization. With all of the knowledge Malcolm gained from reading, he is proud to have proved Arnold Toynbee wrong. Toynbee stated that Africa was the only continent to produce no history. Malcolm however, states Africa did posses history it simply was not enter. In 1857, some of the desperate hoi polloi from India finally mutinied- and expecting the African Slave trade, nowhere in history recorded anymore unnecessary bestial and ruthless human carnage than the British suppression of the non-white Indian people. Finally, Malcolm uses his education to boast and dignify his life. He fly around the world to s peak to people of his success and it boosts his ego easily when people think he has gone to school well former(prenominal) 8th grade. It is truly remarkable to teach oneself the English language and Malcolm X is extremely proud of his accomplishments.

Ethics for the Real World

ETHICS FOR THE REAL WORLD Creating a personalised reckon to ply finiss in work and biography RONALD A. HOWARD & CLINTON D. KORVER Hanle Ying particular(prenominal) Topics in Accounting March. 16, 2011 Introduction Within the development of sympathetic culture, morals has been more and more emphasized in human beings. Ethics is non alto gainher requested in the work family, and similarly it should be requested in individuals. Ethics is an extremely easeful in human daily bread and butter. For the work place, morals gage alleviate tribe to leave each other, allow passel to know clearly what they dirty dog do or non do, and assist their efforts with each other to wee-wee a true market in the world.For the individuals, moral philosophy fanny help to cook up plentys attitude roughly life and to help them progress a positive outlook. However, no matter whether in the work place or in an individuals life, morality poop create a personal code to help quite a l ittle to nominate the expert decision. Reading ETHICS FOR THE REAL WORLD-creating a personal code to snuff it decisions in work and life not except can help us know what morality is and how we can draft a personal code to help us constitute the right decision, tho it as well as permits us know how we can uptake moral philosophy to transform our life and work.Its really a good bear on ethics and really practical for human beings. This carry represents the different regaining of ethics and provides a personal code for throng who working individuals can uptake the code of ethics to examine their own honorable problems so they can start the right decisions during work. In the real world, there ar many an(prenominal) looks that look honourable, solely are not. Conversely, some behaviors look un honest, but are honorable. Since we cannot eer discriminate what is really ethical, we sometimes shake off a dilemma in making a decision.However, the description in this phonograph recording, expressed by the authors help us to know what ethics is and he helps us to come on an ethical swanwork and draft a personal code in our mind. We can use the ethical framework and the personal code to help us make the right decision. The authors alike gift that people can use tercet steps to help them to clarify the ethical telephone number, measure out the con date of the behavior, and in the end, make the right decision. Moreover, ethics not only can help people make the right decision, but it also can help people to transform the work and life.Author Biography The call of the authors are Ronald A. Howarfared and Clinton D. Korver. Ronald A. Howard is sensation of the founders of DEF, who is the academic director of the Strategic closing and adventure Management certificate program at Stanford University. He supervises teaching and research in the conclusiveness Analysis Program of the Department of Management learning and Engineering and he a lso is the director of the departments Decision and Ethics Center. Moreover, Mr. , Howard is a professor in the Stanford Graduate School of Business.His date covers many fields in decision analysis project, from investment think to research strategy, and from hurricane seeding to nuclear waste isolation (2011). Furthermore, Mr. Howard has been a consultant to several(prenominal) companies and was a founding director and chairman of Strategic Decision base (2011). Clinton D. Korver not only is the co-author of Ethics for the Real World, but also he is a partner and co-founder at Ulu Ventures, a Silicon vale venture capital firm investing in early-stage information engineering companies.He is also a Kauffman Fellow, co-founder and co-president of Stanford Angels & Entrepreneurs, and a venture partner at crescendo Ventures (2008). Moreover, Mr. Korver is the founder and CEO of DecisionStreet, which provides Web-based tools to help consumers make information life decisions about healt h, wealth, housing, and family affairs (2008). Mr. Howard and Mr. Korver wrote Ethics for the Real World-creating a personal code to guide decisions in work and life in 2008.In order to create the clothe of highly ethical behavior, Howard and Korver help us to know what ethics is and how we can discriminate ethical issues in our daily lives. In addition, they help us to use ethics to make the best decision in all situation. Summary of Book Its a good book on ethics, and the authors use a practical approach to talk about what ethics is. The purpose of the authors in this book is not to stimulate people to get high ethics in their mind. Contrarily, they want people to know and playing field ethics finished the tiny little things around us. People do some things or make some decision unethically because they think he decision seems un of the essence(p) however, they still want others to respect and put them. They even want to continue live in a harmonized environment. But their a ctions and thoughts are reversed. As a result, this is peerless of the reasons why people sink into the ethical dilemma. The book provided many theories to help people to realize and contain ethics, such as some behavior seems ethical for one, but he still has to confirm if its ethical for another one could look analyze anothers ethical behavior when one sinks into the ethical dilemma and one could set up an ethical code to help him to correct his ethical problems.But the one of reason why people do the unethical things are they often misunderstand the meaning of ethical, legal, and moral. someone call uped poor ethical as poor moral. Also the legal behavior is meditateed ethical, and illegal behavior is considered unethical. Actually, there is a total difference between ethical, legal, and moral. nearthing could be legal, but its unethical, such as lie, using cursing to someone. Something could be illegal, but it might be ethical, such as killing terrorists. Therefore, the about important issue for people when knowing ethics is to be able to discriminate the meaning of ethical, legal, and moral.This topic was expounded clearly in the origination of the book. This book unite four parts Introduction, seven chapters, an epilogue, and two appendices. Furthermore, the authors combined these four parts very logically, especially in the seven chapters. The authors provided the nigh ethical at number one, and give a roughly ethical frame in peoples mind, through know and study the ethics to create the personal code. And then use the personal code to do the ethical behavior or make the ethical decision. In the end, the authors demonstrate that the ethics can help people transform their work and life.This sequence is coincidence with peoples cerebration and easier to be understood by people. The Introduction not only reflects the rough content of the rest of the book, but it also includes a short summary of each chapter, the engineering approach, and the elucidation of the difference between ethical, legal, and moral. Moreover, it also includes the experience of both authors. This admittance is very helpful for people to know what the book is and how to use this book. In addition, the introduction also talks about the skill of making the right decision, it is a weakness we often have because we have little education in this area.The seven chapters can be divided into four parts the first collar chapters, the fourth chapter, the fifth chapter, and the last two chapters. The first three chapters represent what ethics is and the problem of setting up an ethical coffin nail ocellus. Actually, ethics is not very strange for each person everyone has a rough framework about ethics, but most of us come int know the real meaning of ethics. Everyone wants to be an ethical person, and most people have an ethical laughingstock line to contrast their ethical behavior. This bottom line is very important for each person.But people continuo usly sink into the ethical trouble because the ethical bottom line. Certainly, someone apply this bottom line and the loopholes in the law to build a gray area, doing something between right and victimize. Everybody knows that to tell a lie is unethical behavior, but some use white lies to prevent crime or war why not? I think most of us would quite a to tell this lie. Therefore, there are no fixed rules for people to study ethics. People should learn and analyze the ethics of others ethical behavior and set an own ethical bottom line to do the right things or decisions.The fourth chapter is based on the first three chapters. After people know what ethics is and set up an ethical bottom line to distinguish what they can do or not do, they should create their own ethical code to complete their ethical framework. The important purpose of the fourth chapter is to show people how to draft someones own ethical code. The fifth chapter talks about how some people to do nothing when fa cing unethical issues. Although people can make the ethical code by themselves, it does not mean they will be ethical all the time. In this situation, people have to re-clarify the ethical issue and try to create alternatives.Moreover, in order to ensure the feasibility of their alternatives, people have to evaluate the alternatives and then re-make the ethical decision. The last two chapters say how people use their personal ethical codes to transform their personal life and work life. Having a good ethical code is very important to our daily lives. It not only helps us to distinguish what we can do or not do, but also it can make us face life and work peacefully. This has the most positive effect on our daily lives. The book is composed by the skill of ethical cerebration and the ethical decision making.The main purpose in the Epilogue declared how people developed the habiliments by this skill. However, the habit is developed through constant practice, and the practice is dire cted by thoughts. Therefore, having good ethical thinking skills not only can help people to make the ethical decision, but also can help develop the right habit in their life. The Appendix A is the flow map of ethical decision making process which not only helps us know separate what ethics is, but also we can use this flow chart to compare our ethical frame to correct and complete our weakness in ethics.The Appendix B talks about the three peoples ethical code that has totally different backgrounds. And the Appendix B let us know no matter what background people have, as long as they are willing to understand and study ethics, they can possess the ethical code. Personal Reflection and Conclusion I unceasingly ask myself what does ethics mean? What kind of action belongs to ethical or unethical? Is any behavior within laws ethical issue? However, we have to face ethical decisions in our daily lives, and we always sink into the ethical dilemma because of these decisions.For examp le, we will make some excuses to avoid trouble, and we will use some white lies to make others feel more acceptable. We always terminate ethics in some trivial things, and ethics becomes strangers around us. This book has very helpful to me. I know that I am not a real ethical man. For example, I used fake excuses to excuse my absences or a bad grade to my parents, as well as use profanity to someone. Now all these behaviors seem wrong. In the last(prenominal) time, I always use different excuses to avoid responsibility when I got into some troubles, and put all the blame upon someone or something else.Now I think carefully avoiding responsibility is unethical behavior. Individual development and complaisant development should not lack communication and responsibility. If everyone is not sincere and they pick out to avoid responsibility when faced the trouble, the individual and social development cannot be achieved, not mention to creating a real life environment. Therefore, bu ilding a good personal code is very important to everyone. We are always bothered by the issue that seems ethical, but thence its not.Different people have different determine, so they have different ethical lines. Some consider that the white lie is moral someone may consider that the rational avoidance tax also is moral. People always toss out their principle to do some things which they consider are ethical, but then they are not. Thus, people slowly get their moral bottom line because of these tiny little issues, and then, make them into the gray areas to do something that seems legal, but indeed its unethical. If everyone stays in the gray area, nobody will be honest with each other anymore.Therefore, in order to correct our values and life attitude, we should build a personal code which cannot be grim by any excuses. Before doing anything or making any decision, we should consider own personal code and use it to restrain our behaviors, which give us no excuse to do anyth ing that violates ethics. The authors Ronald A. Howard and Clinton D. Korver together created Ethics for the Real World-creating a personal code to guide decisions in work and life, they clearly arrange what ethics is and use bright black and white contrast to make us know better the meaning of ethics.Moreover, because of the sufficient experience, the essence of this book is easier to be accepted and studied and has a profound meaning in our daily work and life. The reason why I choose this book is I am always bothered by the ethics bottom line in the daily work and life. Sometimes ignore ethics because of the tiny little things. As a result, I slowly lose my ethics bottom line. Now think carefully this is a wrong behavior and life attitude. This book opened my eyes it teaches me that not only everyone should have their own ethical code and personal code, but also we should build our principle to do everything.No matter when we do anything or make decisions, we should base them on this personal code. Let our life be ring by ethics. Reference Clinton D. Korver, Bloomberg Businessweek, 2008, Retrieved from http//www. businessweek. com/bios/Clinton_D. _Korver. htm Clinton D. Clint Korver89 2001, Grinnell College, 2008, Retrieve from http//www. grinnell. edu/offices/president/trustee/memberintro/korver Ronald A. Howard, Decision Education Foundation, 2011, Retrieve from http//www. decisioneducation. org/about-DEF/board-of-directors/ronald-howard

Minimum Wage in Malaysia

Minimum mesh in Malaysia lack for it and its attainable centeriveness 1. 0. Introduction Background Infor matteion There has been growing debates concerning the tokenish remuneration in Malaysia, with strong opinions from both sides of the arguments. In 1979 edition of their front text edition, William B. Aumol and Alan Blinder explained, The primary consequence of the minimal pay law is non an adjoin in the incomes of the least skilled workers but a travail of their employment opportunities (p. 7). On the other side of the debate, social dressivists, insurance policymakers and other non-economists practically argue for an increase in the marginal salary. Advocates of the nominal rent necessitate included Franklin D. Roosevelt, Martin Luther King, A. Philip Randolph, Walter R. Reuther, Edward Filene, Beatrice and Sydney Webb. Finally, Malaysia took its stance and made its showtime legislative attempt at putting in place a national token(prenominal) pay on twen ty first June 2011 .Introduced by Human Resources Deputy Minister, Maznah Mazlan in Parliament, the National Wages Consultative Council (NWCC) bill was tabled for its first reading. Most signifi freightertly, the oecumenical public does non widely shargon the negative opinion of the stripped enlist, according to pots. What questions us, is whether thither is a need for token(prenominal) betroth, and if in that location, how effective it dexterity be. Statement of the Problem This paper go forth investigate on the need and the effectiveness of the yet to be borderline wage bill among certification guards, cleaners with its current value of RM720.The idea of having a national minimal wage in Malaysia has been proposed much than 12 socio-economic classs ago by the Malayan Trades Union Congress (MTUC), when Tun Mahatir was unagitated the Prime Minister, and has been continuously rejected, until more recently, the current prime minister, Datuk Seri Najib has earthd in the Malaysia Bud motor 2011 speech occupancyes moldiness embrace the negligible wage as a business dodging. A lower limit wage theoretically, is planned to affect the low-skilled workers much(prenominal) as janitors, cleaners and credentials, who ar paid with low wages which affect their standards of living.With a tokenish wage in effect, they were supposed to be able to remonstrate their standards of living and live a more prospering life. Conversely, Orrenius and Zavodny (2008) and Ragayah Haji mat Zin(2007) argue that the effect of a lower limit wage whitethorn safe put these low skilled workers out of employment be motion of economic conditions in nation, putting the low-skilled workers in an even worse note unemployment. Research mapThis paper aims to investigate whether or not Malaysia is in need for effectuation of a national minimum wage, found on the reviews of recent developments in the literature pertaining to the overall do of a minimum wage, and the opi nions of the janitors, cleaners and security guards. The focus is on the perceptions of low-paid workers as menti wholenessd earlier and their satis faction with the amount they ar being paid and whether or not it covered their day to day disbursements.Analysis can be made on whether or not these workers were exploited by the absence of a minimum wage and that a minimum wage is indeed can block such built in beds. To do the questions follows will be d unrivaled and literature review will be made that will analyze on how atomic number 18 salaries are establish and later on the consequences of put throughing the minimum wage. This paper aims to answer the following questions 1)Is there any need for Malaysia to implement national minimum wage? 2) As for this instant are low-paid workers are paid enough to cover their casual expenses? )Does the law bring a tangible change? Significance of the get wind There are lots of studies pertaining to the release of minimum wage alm ost the globe, however, only few had focused on the issue being practise in Malaysia, like Rohayu Abd. Ghani in her article Salary and Wages in Malaysia and David Lim in his article Sweet Labor and Wages in Malayan Manufacturing . Referring to the history of analytic thinking, both(prenominal) suck up focused on evolution countries that stand already implement the minimum wage, like P.Jones, where he discusses issues pertaining gold coast or first world countries, like M. Bowey and A. Lupton where comprehensive explanation about performance in United Kingdom was done or D. Neumark and W. Wascher analyzing the situation in USA. This brings us to the conclusion that more studies need to be done to go on out the conditions of so-called black workers janitors, cleaners and security guards in Malaysia. Ironically, many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) newspaper articles choose addressed the economic conditions in Malaysia, the effect of those on citizens of Malaysia.But n ever the question of implementing the minimum wage policy was taken any further. Findings of the investigation will be helpful in find if the minimum wage needs to be utilize, to analyze whether it would be rattling successful in improving the lives of janitors, cleaners and security guards, and whether or not their current salaries will be sufficient for them to live a comfortable life, as concerning this issue Shireen (1998) has shown that poverty in Malaysia officially seen s as a situation of relative rather than absolute deprivation.By intelligence their conditions, a better decision of how the minimum wage could be implemented can be recommended and the proximity of the issue can be understood. 2. literary works review Bowey and Lupton (1982) has discussed that wage and compensation administration is complex and subtle, and littered with techniques designed to reduce the complexity for the administrator and cope with the subtleties. The explanations that are brought tog ether are the descriptions of the most important techniques that are available for coping with the principal tasks of wage and salary administration, and shows how and when these may be used.They propagate that there are many systems of getment which attempt to relate earnings to the work done and earlier any such system can be used it is requisite to assess that work in some way by compare the nature of the work (eg. Is it heavy work? Does it carry a turgid amount of responsibility? ), it may as well as involve assessing the rate at which the employees are works and rewarding them according to their different rates of performance. The first method is line of credit evaluation while latter is work measurement.Regarding this guinea pig they outline that Job evaluation and work measurement are ii subjective areas which are of crucial importance to the operative and the manager as they radically affect the payback and the quality of work ( Bowey & Lupton, 1982, p. 159). And he re is the issue that we have, why is that in some instances, wage amounts differ, regarding the fact that its one country, one sector of work, but yet, some workers are abused and get to be paid a very low salary. The inform us that there are three different makeation while salary is being allocated to each job.First, the mechanics of assigning different amount of funds to different positions is the job hierarchy and different standards of performance. Second, consideration of the absolute levels of pay which should be given when pay in other organizations is taken into account. Third, the touch on of negotiation amid the worry and the union about levels of payment. And exactly the tercet consideration step ups to be quite an issue. Why is that we require the workers to give the barely amount of performance, finishing the assigned work, but we arent just in giving enough reward for the effort contributed.It appears, that using the power as an upper- manager who hires, the ab undance of work supplying the market, especially with the flow of under-the-counter immigrants, workers will have to agree on terms offered. Do we consider the undue influence and abuse of situation as an ethical act? Bowey & Lupton(1982) stated that With management by objectives, the employee and his superior agree a influence of objectives for the coming year, and the individual is given salary increase at the end of the year, which is partly determined by how well he has succeeded in achieving those targets (p. ) Theoretically, the wage systems seems just fine. Unfortunately, this is not the grapheme in Malaysia. Plantation workers are initially paid RM350 and can achieve RM700 with bonuses. Would that be enough for an average Malaysian citizen to cover rent, food expenses? They argue that If we give equal rations to everyone, who do we manoeuvre to carry out the most onerous tasks-and on what basis do we make this choice? ( Bowey & Lupton, 1982, p. 159).In the end, whether we like it or not management has to make decisions about the worth of the contribution comparing different levels of jobs and eventually assigns the salary, even if the appointed salary makes it gimcracker than in other place as starting amount of salary differs from the budget of one institution to another. journal Business Asia has analyzed the ambivalent attitude of government to strange parturiency. earlier the crisis 2. 5 billion immigrant workers were regarded as undesirable but necessary onus( Business Asia,2000,p. 2) . It is a very degrading attitude toward human being, be he from first world country or third, but what matters is that, in the end, we cant change much. Laws and bills are issued, but these workers still are considered cheap workers for black jobs. This type of attitude is problematic, as the accountability and dignity of an employee disappears, especially when allocating the salary. Wikipedia (2011) states that the minimum wage that Malaysia has stated for plantation workers is RM350 and that even may reach RM700 with bonusesThe article explains further Officially-orchestrated- and mostly employer-funded-repatriation programmes saw the number of registered foreign workers drop below 700,000 by end 1999, from peak of 1. 2million in 1997(Business Asia,2000,p. 12) . Though, subsequently the pressure from exasperated employers, the government announced the lifting of a freeze on the recruitment of foreign workers, but yet, the grudging nature of the concession was underlined by an accompanying list of 138 categories of job for Malaysians only (Business Asia, 2000,p. 12).And ironically, all these statement are done by those who stated an intention to transform Malaysia from a output signal to a knowledge- based economy (Business Asia, 2000, p. 12). Employers complain that Instead of encouraging the undogmatic innovators needed to help realize such a lofty ambition, the cultivation system seems expressly programmed to eliminate the m (Business Asia,2000, p. 12). All of the preceding(prenominal) had lead to the magnetic core of the issue, the rise of salary. The fear among employers is that a rise in wages will eventually begin outstripping productivity gains (Business Asia,2000, p. 2). Despite the increase of GDP by 3. 7% wages by relative modest grew by 2. 7%. The question is what should stand above, a just increase in wages, which a company can afford, or the increase of the profits at the expense of exploitation of decent workers. As Annil Netto reports at Indian-Malaysian Online The Malaysian Trades Union Congress, an umbrella for privy sector unions, threatened by nationwide strike if its gather up for a minimum would be ignored, even so, the Malaysian government gave a cool response .In March 2000 a national survey by MUTC and International Labor Organization has revealed that some 2 million workers earned less than a poverty- line income of RM600, MTUC demanded at least RM1,200, which we still do n ot have in 2011. Further, Jones (1997) examines the impact of minimum wage legislation in developing countries with incomplete reporting, using the case of Ghana. Her pro eagle-eyeded research has proved that the implementation of the minimum wage was not an streamlined policy for reducing the incidence of poverty in a situation where coverage of the minimum wage legislation is partial.The reason is that people working outside of the wage sector e. g. Farmers who survive by selling and devour their own output are not covered by the minimum wage, and they are the ones who are in need of the minimum wage. Thus, the implementation of the minimum wage becomes non-effective. Her results have shown that the minimum wage in Ghana had a negative impact on employment there were significant job redes due to the policy.Although the airfield is based on the case of Ghana, it can be deduced that if Malaysia were to implement the minimum wage, it should cover a large relation of the popul ation, and not just those working in the public sector, to increase coverage. Ghana and Malaysia are two different countries of different cultures and mentalities, government structure, though communality are the social problems that each faces. But the differences might tell us that policies implemented in one will not necessarily give the uniform results if applied in the other.The main key point that could be inserted is that the minimum wage should have a large coverage, in our research cleaners and guards. Saget (2001) examines the relationship between the level of minimum wage and employment and between the level of minimum wage and poverty through literature survey and likewise empirical evidence. The response of employment and poverty to changes in the minimum wage on more than twenty countries was tested in the research, and he data analysis had given strong maintain to the proposition that the minimum wage may bring positive results in poverty stand-in by improving th e living conditions of workers and their families. (Saget, 2001,p. 31). The literature survey however, had differing opinions, for example some papers mentioned that raising the minimum wage in developing countries may contribute to a widening of the gap between the covered and open sector, similar to Jones (2007), generating relative poverty.Unlike Jones (2007), Sagets (2001) analysis proved that minimum wage had no negative results on employment whereas Jones had shown that the minimum wage policy had caused significant job losses. This is because Jones study was focused on incomplete coverage of the minimum wage while Saget looked into the minimum wage in general, ford country to see the effects it had on poverty and employment. Therefore based on Jones study, if Malaysia were to implement the minimum wage, then up till now there would be a reduction in poverty, which is positive and one of the goals of Malaysia in becoming a high income nation by 2020.Jones did not manage to find a significant link between unemployment and the minimum wage thus, this means that a minimum wage would not cause unemployment to increase significantly. However, the results could also mean that countries that implement the minimum wage are more committed to reducing the level of poverty in the country thus leading to results which imply that setting a higher minimum wage would reduce poverty. Lo (2010) in his paper titled The case for a minimum wage in Malaysia is a highly passionate in support of the minimum wage.It is perhaps due to the fact that the writer is the writing table of the MTUC which is the very same organization that has been pushing for minimum wage legislation in Malaysia for over 12 years now. Malaysian workers suffer from suppress wages because of the influx of cheap foreign labor, but having a minimum wage according to the Malaysian Employers Federation (MEF) would hurt Malaysians competitiveness due to the increase in costs firms will have to incur.Howev er this is countered by Lo (2010), If a firm cannot even provide a decent living wage to its workers one that is enough to meet their elementary needs it has no business being in business(p. 3). He also suggested that Malaysia cant always depend on cheap foreign labor forever. Although now it would be expensive to invest in research and development to develop tools that would improve productivity, it would be cheaper in the long run to use these machines. Furthermore, higher wages lead to higher productivity. It would advertise employers to invest in research and development to increase overall productivity and efficiency.Malaysia has not been spending much on research and development, especially private sector, but this would change if there was minimum wage legislation, and more on research and development would give Malaysia a better future. According to this, Malaysia should implement the minimum wage, because of the effects it has in reducing social poverty and also its pot ential in enhancing economic issue and productivity improvements. There is a growing view among economists that the minimum wage offers substantial benefits to low-wage workers without negative effect.Although there are still dissenters, the best recent research has shown that the job loss reported in earlier analyses does not, in fact, occur when the minimum wage is increased (Fox, 2006, p. 1). Also, over 650 economists, including five Nobel Prize winners and six past presidents of the American Economic Association, recently signed a statement stating that federal and state minimum wage increases can significantly improve the lives of low-income workers and their families, without the adverse effects hat critics have claimed (EPI, 2006). Although the paper focused purely on the evidences from the USA, the effects of minimum wage are still similar if it were to be implemented in Malaysia. However, there could be major differences as Malaysia would be implementing the minimum wage f or the first time, while the USA has been doing it for much longer and their case is to do with raising the minimum wage. Malaysia would face lots of opposition in the beginning as the adjustment process would take time. eyeshade and Krueger (1995) extensively describe the effectiveness of minimum wages of each sector of US population. As stated by CIA World Factbook (2011) US GDP for year 1995 was 2. 51 and 3. 7 for year 2006, and current GDP of Malaysia is 3. 9,hence we can resolve similarities in the phase of economical development. Card and Krueger present us a new body of evidence showing that recent minimum wage increases have not had the negative employment effects predicted by the textbook model.Some of the new evidence points toward a positive effect of minimum wage on employment most show no effect at all. Moreover, a reanalysis of previous minimum wage studies finds little support for the prediction that minimum wages reduce employment, like Richard Lester during the 194 0 or Card and Krueger initial work in 1988, California state as a case study. If accepted, the findings will call into question the standard model of the labor market that has dominated economists thinking for the past half century.They have showed us the empirical findings which result in later first of all, a study of employment in the fast- food industry after the increase in New Jersey minimum wage was not affected adversely by law, stating that modest increases in the minimum wage have no adverse effect on the employment outcomes of low-wage workers (Card & Krueger, 1995, p. 114) as Lo ( 2010) and Saget (2001) had argued above. The results were gathered from four hundred restaurants. Relative to restaurants in Pennsylvania, where the minimum wage remained unchanged, they found that employment growth within New Jersey was higher at restaurants (Card & Krueger,1995, p. 46). Second, a cross-state analysis finds that the 1990 and 1991 increases in the federal minimum wage did not a ffect teenage employment adversely. Thirdly, an increase in the minimum wage leads to a situation in which workers who previously were paid different wages all ascertain the new minimum wage. Card & Krueger(1995) argue that once there is an increase in the minimum wage it would result in a peach effect, leading to pay raises for workers who previously earned wages above the new minimum. Surprisingly, increases in minimum wage do not appear to be offset by reductions in fringe benefits.Increase of such kinds has decreased the minimum dispersion, partially reversing the trend toward rising wage variety that has dominated the labor market since the early 1980s. Finally, as a fact minimum wage is a blunt instrument for reducing poverty. Its an amount that is smaller than most other federal antipoverty programs, and that can have only limited effects on the overall income distribution (Card & Krueger,1995, p. 3). They also note, that more than 60 percent of all workers have worked fo r the minimum wage at some time during their careers(Card & Krueger,1995, p. ). References Anonymous (2000). No staff, no skills, Business Asia, Vol. 32 Issue 14, p12, 4/5p Card D. , Krueger A. B. ,(1995). Myth and measurement. The new economic science of the minimum wage. Fox, L. (2006). Minimum wage trends Understanding past and contemporary research. Retrieved from http//www. epi. org/publications/ incoming/bp178/ Jones, P. (1997). The Impact of Minimum Wage Legislation in Developing Countries where reportage is Incomplete. Retrieved from http//www. bepress. com/cgi/view fill. cgi? article=1066=csae- redir=1search=jones+ghana+wage Lo, A. 2010). The case for a minimum wage. Retrieved from http//www. mtuc. org. my/andrewminimumwageaug2010. pdf M Bowey,A. , Lupton, T. (1982)Managing Salary and Wage systems,Great Britain Gower Publishing Company Retrieved from http//www. indianmalaysian. com/minimum_wage. htm Retrieved from https//www. cia. gov/depository library/publications/ html Saget, C. (2001). Poverty reduction and decent work in developing countries Do minimum wages help?. International Labour Review, 140. Retrieved from http//www. ingentaconnect. com/content/ilo/ilr/2001/00000140/00000003/art00002